外文翻译Word文档下载推荐.docx
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外文翻译Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Keywords:
Sedimentation,transplanter,floatsinkage,plantingdepth,floatinghills,buriedhills,missinghills,hillmortality,India
1.INTRODUCTION
Rice(Oryzasativa)isoneofthemajorcerealcropcultivatedinmorethan110countriesintheworldwithatotalproductionof527milliontonnesoutofwhich78%iscontributedbymajorricegrowingcountriesofAsia.Indiaisthelargestgrowerofriceintheworldintermsofareaof44.97millionhectareswithanannualproductionof89.4milliontonnesatanaverageyieldof1990kg./ha(Anon,1999).However,itrankssecondtoChinaintermsofproduction.
Riceisgrowneitherbydirectseedingi.e.broadcasting,drillingandsowingorbytransplanting.Manycomparativestudieshavebeenconductedbetweentransplantinganddirectseeding.InIndia,itwasobservedthathigherandmorestableyieldwasobtainedfromtransplantedricethandirectseededrice.InmostprovincesofIndia,transplantedriceyielded10to20%higherthanbroadcastrice(Garg,etal,1997).Besides,transplantinghassomeaddedadvantagesascomparedtodirectseedingi.e.betterwaterandweedcontrol,uniformripeningandlesslodging.Alsothetransplantedfieldoccupiesthefieldlessertimethanthe
directseededriceandfacilitatesthecontrolofweedseffectively.InOrissa,itisobservedthattheyieldincreasesby22.2%overthedirectseedingmethods.ItisfoundthatinOrissa2.24millionhectaresisunderbroadcastingwhereas1.64millionhectaresisonlyundertransplanting.Thismaybeduetovaryingsocio-economicconditionofthepeople,nonavailabilityoflabourinpeaktransplantingseasonsandnon-availabilityofsuitabletransplantingmachines.Timelinessoftransplantingisessentialforoptimizingtheyieldandthiscanonlybeachievedthroughmechanicaltransplanting.Adelayintransplantingbyone
monthreducestheyieldby25%andadelayoftwomonthsreducestheyieldby70%(RaoandPradhan,1973).Manualtransplantingofpaddyrequiresabout300-350man-hoursperha.Inspiteofhugelabourrequirement,plant-to-plantandrow-to-rowspacingarenotachievedandhencemechanicalweedingisnotpossible.Optimizingplantdensityandtimelinessofoperationinpaddyisconsideredessentialforoptimizingpaddyyieldwhichmaybepossibleifdependenceonhiredlabourisminimized(Chaudhuryetal.2005).Soitishightimeformechanizingthetransplantingoperation.Mechanicaltransplantingneedsasuitabletransplanterandperformanceofthetransplanterdependsonnurserymatsandsedimentationperiod.Tomaintainproperdensityofseedlings,onenurseryraisingdevicehasbeendevelopedatGBPUA&
T,Pantnagarwhichsavesabout33.33percentlabourand72.02
percenttimeovermanualmatraisingmethod(SharmaandSingh,2004).Fortheoperationofpaddytransplanter,thesoilflowcausedbysinkageisthemostcriticalfactoraffectingtheperformanceoftransplanter.Thus,ifthedesirablesinkageatwhichaparticulartransplanterworkeffectivelyisknown,operatorcantakequickdecisionregardingmachineoperationatanytime(Gargetal.2000).Theobjectiveofthispresentstudyistooptimizethesedimentationperiodforproperfunctioningoftheselectedthreericetransplantersforsandyloamsoil.
2.MATERIALSANDMETHODS
ThetechnicalspecificationofthethreetransplantersnamelyOUATtransplanter(T1),CRRItransplanter(T2)andYanjitransplanters(T3)usedfortheevaluationarepresentedinTable1.Table1.Technicalspecificationofdifferenttransplantersusedintheexperiment
SlSpecification
No
OUAT
transplanter
CRRI
Yanjitransplanter
Typeofmachine
Manual
Poweroperated2.4kWaircooled
dieselengine
Manufacturers
address
Kalinga
Engineers,
Bhubaneswar
CRRI,
Cuttack
YanjiRicetransplanterplant,
peoplesRepublicofChina
Model
Ajit
2ZT-238-8
Overalldimensions,cm
Length
Width
Height
130.0
94.5
62.5
127.0
117.0
62.0
241.0
213.1
130.0
Weight,kg
28.5
22.5
320
Typeoffloat
Modulated
plastic
GIsheet
Fiberglass
No.ofrows
4
8
Rowspacing,cm
20
24
23.8
Finger
Type
Length,mm
Width,mm
Gap,mm
Fixedfork
140
11
5
120
17
11
130
10
Widthofseedlinggate,mm
14
17
2.1NurseryPreparation
Mattypenurserywasraisedonafieldadjacenttotheexperimentalplotinordertominimizethetransportationtime.ThefieldpreparationwassimilartothatofconventionalnurseryraisingandwasploughedthricebyBoseploughandleveledbyplanking.Thefieldwasleftassuchforonedayandthenwaterwasdrainedoutfromthefieldandpolythenesheetof50to60gaugeof1.0mx6.0meachwasspreadovertheleveledfieldkeeping50cmgapbetweeneachbed.Polythenesheetattherateof60m2/hai.e.10numbersofsuchpolythenesheetwasusedforpreparationofnurseryperhectareoftransplanting.Thensmallholesweremadeonthepolythenesheetandaprefabricatedwoodenframeofsize2.0mx1.0mx2.0cmwasplacedoverthesheet.Puddledsoilwasfilledinsidetheframefrombothsidesofthe
bedinsuchawaythatthesoilwasfreefromanystone,stubbleandgrass.Thesoilintheframewasthenleveledwiththehelpofawoodenbar.Thereafterframewasremovedforfurtheruseinmatraisingandthesameprocedurewasfollowed.SproutedseedsofSwarnavarietyattheseedrateof45kg/hawerespreaduniformlyoverthemat.Toprotecttheseedsfromthebirds,thematswerecoveredwithstraw.Waterwassprinkledtwiceadaybyrosecaneuntiltherewascompleteemergenceofseedlings.After4thdaythestrawwasremovedfromthematsandwaterwasappliedbyfloodingandstandingwaterinthematswasmaintainedasinthecaseofconventionalnursery.Transplantingwasdonebyusing20daysoldseedlings.
2.2FieldPreparation
Thefieldwaspreparedwithtractor-operatedrotarytiller.Afterfirstrotatilling,thefieldwasfloodedwithwaterandkeptassuchfor7daysandthensecondrotatillingwasdoneon8thdayandthefieldwasleveledbyaplank.Thefieldwasthendividedandsub-dividedaspertheexperimentaldesign.Thedataobtainedwereanalyzedusingsplitplotdesignofexperiments.
2.3Transplanting
TransplantingwasdonebyOUATricetransplanter,CRRIricetransplanterandselfpropelledYanjiricetransplanteratdifferentsedimentationperiodof24,32,48and56hours.HilltohillspacinginYanjiricetransplanterwassetat12cmanddepthwassetat3.0cmforentireexperimentandformanuallyoperatedtransplanters(OUATandCRRI)carewastakentomaintain10to12cmhill-to-hillspacing.Thematnurserywascutasperthetraysizeoftherespectivetransplanter.
2.4DesignofExperiments
Theexperimentswereconductedusingsplit-plotdesign.Themain-plotswerethreedifferenttransplantersnamelyOUATtransplanter(T1),CRRItransplanter(T2)andYanjitransplanter(T3)whilethesub-plotswerethesedimentationperiodsuchas24,32,48and56hours.Eachtreatmentwasreplicatedthrice.
3.RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
TheperformanceoftheselectedthreetransplanterswithrespecttovarioussedimentationperiodsarepresentedinFigure1to8.TheANOVAofthedependantparametersarepresentedinTable2and3.
3.1FloatSinkage
Theaveragefloatsinkagewasobservedtovarybetween0.44to2.42cmforOUAT
transplanter(T1),0.49to2.58cmforCRRItransplanter(T2)and0.98to4.65cmforYanjitransplanter(T3)underthesedimentationperiodrangingfrom24to56hoursasshowninFigure1.Theresultsindicatedthatasthesedimentationperiodincreased,thefloatsinkagedecreasedforallthetransplantersunderstudy.ThefloatsinkagedecreasedsharplyforT1andT2asthesedimentationperiodincreasedfrom24to32hoursbutitshowedagradualdecreaseunderT3.Whensedimentationperiodincreasedfrom32to48hours,floatsinkagedecreasedgraduallyforT1andT2butitdecreasedsharplyforT3.Thefloatsinkagevaluesdidnotchangeappreciablyforthesedimentationperiodfrom48to56hours.Thereasonof
highersinkageatalowersedimentationperiod(24hours)maybeduetopartialsettlementofsoilparticlesandlooseconditionofsoilwhileagradualdecreaseatahighersedimentationperiodisduetoincreaseinhardnessofsoilsurface.Thishardnessofsoilcouldsustainthefloatpressureofthetransplantersresultinginlowersinkage.TransplanterT3showedahighersinkagethanothertransplantersforallthesedimentationperiodandthismaybeduetoitshigherfloatcontactpressureof16.42g/cm2At32hourssedimentationperiod,thesinkageof
floatwasfoundtobewithin1to2cmforT1andT2whilethesamevalueswereobservedat48hoursforT3.StudieswithricetransplantersconductedatPunjabAgriculturalUniversity(PAU),Ludhianaindicatedthattransplant
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