职称英语考试阅读理解Word下载.docx
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职称英语考试阅读理解Word下载.docx
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sthethinnestpossiblematerialinthisworld,"
saysNovoselov.Hecallsita"
wondermaterial."
It'
ssothinthatyouwouldneedtostackabout25,000sheetsjusttomakeapileasthickasapieceofordinarywhitepaper.Ifyouweretoholdasheetofgrapheneinyourfingers,you'
dhavenoideabecauseyouwouldn'
tbeabletoseeit.
Carbonisoneofthemostabundantelementsintheuniverse.Everyknownkindoflifecontainscarbon.Grapheneisasheetofcarbon,butonlyoneatomthick.Youdon'
thavetolookfartofindgrapheme-it'
sallaroundyou.
Ifyouwantthishigh-techwonderstuff,allyouneedisapencil,paperandalittleadhesivetape.Usethepenciltoshadeasmallareaonthepaper,andthenapplyasmallpieceofadhesivetapeoverthearea.Whenyoupullupthetape,you'
llseethatitpullsupathinlayerofsomeoftheshadingfromyourpencil.Thatlayeriscalledgraphite,oneofthesoftestmineralsintheworld.
Nowstickthesamepieceoftapeonanothersheetofpaperandpullthetapeup-thereshouldbeaneventhinnerlayer,thistimeleftonthepaper.Nowimaginethatyoudothisoverandover,untilyougetthethinnestpossiblelayerofmaterialonthepaper.Thislayerwouldbeonlyoneatomthick,andyouwouldn'
tbeabletoseeit.Graphiteismadeoflayersofgraphene,sowhenyougettothethinnestpossiblelayer,you'
vefoundgraphene.(375words)
练习:
1.Whatwouldchangethefutureofelectronicsaccordingtoengineers?
ABigtechnology.
BCreativeways.
CGraphene.
DBothAandB.
2.Accordingtothesecondandthirdparagraphs,whatistrueofgraphene?
AItcanbeusedtomakepaper.
BItispossibletoseeitwithournakedeye.
CItiseasytofindgraphene.
DItispossiblythethickestmaterialintheworld.
3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedtoreplacetheword"
apply"
inparagraph4?
Arequest.Bpolish.Cuse.Dput.
4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmeantinthelasttwoparagraphs?
AGrapheneismadeofgraphite,oneofthesoftestmaterialsintheworld.
BGraphiteismadeoflayersofgraphene,thethinnestmaterialintheworld.
CWhenwegettothethinnestpossiblelayerofgraphite,wefindgraphene.
DWithapencil,asheetofpaperandapieceofadhesivetape,wecanfindgraphene.
5.Graphene'
ssuperstrengthliesinthefactthat
AItisthethinnestmaterialintheworld.
BItismadeofthemostabundantelementsintheworld.
CItcanhelptomakeelectroniccomponentssmaller.
DIthelpsengineerstoproducemoresensitiveelectronicproducts.
第三十八篇“LifeForm(n.生命形式)Found(v.发现)”onSaturn(n.土星)'
sTitan(n.土卫六)
ScientistssaytheyhavediscoveredhintsofalienlifeontheSaturn’smoon.ThediscoveryofasortoflifewasannouncedafterresearchersattheUSspaceagency,NASA,analyzeddatafromspacecraftCassini,whichpointedtotheexistenceofmethane-basedformoflifeonSaturn’sbiggestmoon.
Scientistshavereportedlydiscoveredcluesshowingprimitivealienbeingsare“breathing”nTitan’sdenseatmospherefilledwithhydrogen.
TheyarguethathydrogengetsabsorbedbeforehittingTitan’splanet-1ikesurfacecoveredwithmethanelakesandrivers.This,theysay,pointstotheexistenceofsome“bugs”consumingthehydrogenatthesurfaceofthemoonlessthanhalfthesizeoftheEarth.
Wesuggestedhydrogenconsumptionbecauseit’stheobviousgasforlifetoconsumeonTitan,similartothewayweconsumeoxygenonEarth,”saysNASAscientistChrisMcKay.“Ifthesesignsdoturnouttobeasignoflife,itwouldbedoublyexcitingbecauseitwouldrepresentasecondformoflifeindependentfromwater—basedlifeonEarth.”
Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflifeanywhere,thoughthereareliquid-water-basedmicroorganismsonEarththatgrowwellonmethaneorproduceitasawasteproduct.OnTitan,wheretemperaturesarearound90Kelvin(minus290degreesFarenheit),amethane-basedorganismwouldhavetouseasubstancethatisliquidasitsmediumforlivingprocesses,butnotwateritself.WaterisfrozensolidonTitan’ssurfaceandmuchtoocoldtosupportlifeasweknowit.
ScientistshadexpectedtheSun’sinteractionswithchemicalsintheatmospheretoproduceacoatingofacetyleneonTitan’ssurface.ButCassinidetectednoacetyleneonthesurface.
TheabsenceofdetectableacetyleneontheTitan’ssurfacecanverywellhaveanon—biologicalexplanation,saidMarkAllen,aprincipalinvestigatoroftheNASATitanteam.
“Scientificconservatismsuggeststhatabiologicalexplanationshouldbethelastchoiceafterallnon-biologicalexplanationsareaddressed,”Allensaid.“Wehavealotofworktodotoruleoutpossiblenon—biologicalexplanations.Itismorelikelythatachemicalprocess,withoutbiology,canexplaintheseresults.”(368words)
1.WhathavescientistsfoundaboutSaturn?
A.TheyhavefoundanewmoonorbitingSaturn
B.Theyhavefoundmethane-basedlifeonSaturn.
C.Theyhavefoundmethane-basedlifeonTitan
D.TheyhavefoundearthlikelifeonaSaturn’smoon
2.WhatdoScientistssayaboutTitan?
A.Therearelifecluesthere.
B.Thereisacetylenethere
C.WateronTitanexistsintheformofice
D.Riversandlakestherecontainlifeforms.
3.Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflife…(paragraph5)whatdoes“thisformoflife”referto?
A.Water-basedlife
B.Mathane-basedlife
C.Liquid-water-basedmicroorganisms
D.Gas-basedlife
4.WhatcanbeinferredfromwhatAllensaid?
A.ScientistshavedifferentargumentsoverwhetherthereislifeonTitan.
B.ScientistsallagreethatthereislifeonTitan
C.Scientistsallsuggestthatabiologicalexplanationisreasonable
D.Scientistsallagreethatanon-biologicalchemicalreactionisapossibleexplanation
5.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacethetitleofthispassage?
A.EarthlikeLivingBeingsfoundonTitan
B.FindingofOneMoreMoonofSaturn
C.Titan,aNewSatelliteFound
D.ADifferentLifeForm,aPossibility
理工第46篇
Ants(n.蚂蚁)Have(a)Big(adj.重要的)Impacton(v.对…有影响)Environment(n.环境)as"
Ecosystem(n.生态系统)Engineers(n.工程师)
ResearchbytheUniversityofExeter1hasrevealedthatantshaveabigimpactontheirlocalenvironmentasaresultoftheiractivityas"
ecosystemengineers"
andpredators.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofAnimalEcology,foundthatantshavetwodistincteffectsontheirlocalenvironment.
Firstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuilding2activityandbycollectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelofnutrientsinthesoil.Thiscanindirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,fromdecomposerstospeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.
Secondly,theypreyonawiderangeofotheranimals,includinglargerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvastnumbersofantworkers.
DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfromtheuniversity'
sCentreforEcologyandConservation,said:
"
Antsareveryeffectivepredatorswhichthriveinhugenumbers.They'
realsoveryterritorial3andveryaggressive,defendingtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Allofthismeanstheyhaveastronginfluenceontheirsurroundingarea."
"
Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.Whatwefoundisthatdespitebeingpredators,theirpresencecanalsoleadtoanincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups4.Theygenuinelyplayakeyroleinthelocalenvironment,havingabiginfluenceonthegrasslandfoodweb,"
Sanderssaid.
Thestudy,carriedoutinGermany,studiedtheimpactofthepresenceofdifferentcombinationsanddensitiesofblackgardenantsandcommonredants,bothspecieswhichcanbefoundacrossEurope,includingintheUK.Itfoundthatalowdensityofantsinanareaincreasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimalsinthelocalarea,particularlythedensityofherbivoresanddecomposers.Athigherdensitiesantshadnoortheoppositeeffect,showingthatpredationiscounteractingthepositiveinfluence.
DrFrankvanVeen,anotherauthoronthestudy,said:
Whatwefindisthattheimpactofantsonsoilnutrientlevelshasapositiveeffectonanimalgroupsatlowlevels,butasthenumberofantsincreases,theirpredatoryimpactshavethebiggereffect-therebycounteractingthepositiveinfluenceviaecosystemengineering."
Antsareimportantcomponentsofecosystemsnotonlybecausetheyconstituteagreatpartoftheanimalbiomass5butalsobecausetheyactasecosystemengineers.Antbiodiversity6isincrediblyhighandtheseorganismsarehighlyresponsivetohumanimpact,whichobviouslyreducesitsrichness.However,itisnotclearhowsuchdisturbancedamagesthemaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem.Antsareimportantinbelowgroundprocesses8throughthealterationofthephysicalandchemicalenvironmentandthroughtheireffectsonplants,microorganisms,andothersoilorganisms.(462words)
nutrient
n.营养物;
adj.营养的
decomposer
n.腐生物;
分解体
prey
v.捕食;
n.被捕食的动物
subtlety
n,微妙,精妙
herbivore
n.食草动物
注释:
1.theUniversityofExe
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