四六级TPO 12阅读详细解析英语阅读提高TPO 阅读详细解析Word格式.docx
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四六级TPO 12阅读详细解析英语阅读提高TPO 阅读详细解析Word格式.docx
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○thestenciledhandwastheweakerhand
○thestenciledhandwasthedominanthand
○artistsstenciledmoreimagesofthedominanthandthantheydidoftheweak
Paragraph2:
3.Thephrasedepictedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○identified
○revealed
○pictured
○imagined
4.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
○Right-handedartistscouldmoreeasilyhaveavoidedcastingshadowsontheirwork,becauseengravingsinprehistoriccaveswerelitfromtheleft.
○Thetipsofengravingtoolsandbrushesindicatethattheseinstrumentswereusedbyright-handedartistswhoseworkwaslitfromtheleft.
○Thebestlightingformostengravingssuggeststhattheyweremadebyright-handedpeopletryingtoavoidtheshadowoftheirhandsinterferingwiththeirwork.
○Right-handedartiststrytoavoidhavingthebrushtheyareusinginterferewiththelightsource.
5.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraphs1and2asevidenceofright-handednessinartandartistsEXCEPT
○theidealsourceoflightingformostengravings
○thefactthatalefthandstenciledpalmupwardmightlooklikearighthand
○theprevalenceofoutlinesoflefthands
○figuresinprehistoricartholdingobjectswiththerighthand
Paragraph3:
6.Accordingtoparagraph3,theLaChapelle-aux-SaintsNeanderthalskeletoncanbeidentifiedasright-handedbecause
○otherNeanderthalskeletonsfoundnearbyarealsoright-handed
○therightarmboneisstrongerthantheleft
○itissimilartoskeletonsofLaFerrassieIandNeanderthal
○therightsideoftheskeletonshowslessevidenceoffractures
Paragraph4:
7.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfracturesandcutmarkscanbeinferredfromparagraph4?
○Fracturesandcutmarkscausedbyright-handedsoldierstendtooccurontherightsideoftheinjuredparty'
sbody.
○Therightarmsustainsmoreinjuriesbecause,asthedominantarm,itisusedmoreactively.
○Inmostpeople,theleftsideofthebodyismorevulnerabletoinjurysinceitisnotdefendedeffectivelybythedominantarm.
○Fracturesandcutmarksonfossilhumansprobablyoccurredafterdeath.
Paragraph5:
8.Accordingtoparagraph5,whatcharacteristicofaNeolithicspoonwouldimplythatthespoon'
sownerwasright-handed?
○Thedirectionofthefibers
○Itslonghandle
○Theyewwooditiscarvedfrom
○Wearonitsleftside
9.Inparagraph5,whydoestheauthormentiontheIceAgeropefoundintheFrenchcaveofLascaux?
○Asanexampleofanitemonwhichthemarksofwearimplythatitwasusedbyaright-handedperson
○Becausetressingisanactivitythatiseasierforaright-handedpersonthanforaleft-handedperson
○BecausethecaveofLascauxisthesitewhereresearchershavefoundseveralprehistorictoolsmadeforright-handedpeople
○Asanexampleofanitemwhoseconstructionshowsthatitwasrighthandedmadebyaright-person
Paragraph6:
10.Thewordcriteriainthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○standards
○findings
○ideas
○techniques
11.WhatwasthepurposeofToth'
stoolmakingexperimentdescribedinparagraph6?
○Toshapetoolsthatcouldbeusedbyeitherhand
○Toproducereplicasofearlytoolsfordisplayinmuseums
○Toimitatetheproductionofpebbletoolsfromearlysites
○Todeterminewhichhandmadetheearlytools
Paragraph7:
12.Whatistheauthor'
sprimarypurposeinparagraph7?
○Toillustratetheimportanceofstudyingthebrain
○Todemonstratethathumanbeingsaretheonlymammaltodesirefinecontrolofmovement
○Tocontrastthefunctionsofthetwohemispheresofthebrain
○Todemonstratethatright-handpreferencehasexistedforalongtime
13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Thestencilsofhandsfoundinthesesheltersandcavesallowustodrawconclusionsaboutwhichhandwasdominant.
Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?
14.
Severalcategoriesofevidenceindicatethatpeoplehavealwaysbeenpredominantlyright-handed
AnswerChoices
○Stencilsofright-handedfiguresarecharacteristicofcaveartinFrance.Spain,andTasmania.
○Signsontheskeletalremainsofprehistoricfigures,includingarm-bonesizeandinjurymarks,implythatthesearetheremainsofright-handedpeople.
○Instrumentssuchasspoons,ropes,andpebbletoolsshowsignsthatindicatetheywereusedorconstructedbyright-handedpeople.
○Theamountofprehistoricartcreatedbyright-handedartistsindicatesthatleft-handedpeoplewereintheminority.
○Neanderthalskeletonsoftenhavelongerfingerbonesintherighthand,whichisevidencethattherighthandwasstronger.
○NickToth,amodemright-handedtoolmaker.hasshownthatprehistorictoolswereknappedtofittherighthand
WhichHandDidTheyUse?
Weallknowthatmanymorepeopletodayareright-handedthanleft-handed.Canonetracethissamepatternfarbackinprehistory?
■Muchoftheevidenceaboutright-handversusleft-handdominancecomesfromstencilsandprintsfoundinrocksheltersinAustraliaandelsewhere,andinmanyIceAgecavesinFrance,Spain,andTasmania.■Whenalefthandhasbeenstenciled,thisimpliesthattheartistwasright-handed,andviceversa.■Eventhoughthepaintwasoftensprayedonbymouth,onecanassumethatthedominanthandassistedintheoperation.Onealsohastomaketheassumptionthathandswerestenciledpalmdownward—alefthandstenciledpalmupwardmightofcourselookasifitwerearighthand.■Of158stencilsintheFrenchcaveofGargas,136havebeenidentifiedasleft,andonly22asright;
right-handednesswasthereforeheavilypredominant.
Caveartfurnishesothertypesofevidenceofthisphenomenon.Mostengravings,forexample,arebestlitfromtheleft,asbefitstheworkofright-handedartists,whogenerallyprefertohavethelightsourceontheleftsothattheshadowoftheirhanddoesnotfallonthetipoftheengravingtoolorbrush.InthefewcaseswhereanIceAgefigureisdepictedholdingsomething,itismostly,thoughnotalways,intherighthand.
Cluestoright-handednesscanalsobefoundbyothermethods.Right-handerstendtohavelonger,stronger,andmoremuscularbonesontherightside,andMarcellinBouleaslongagoas1911notedtheLaChapelle-aux-SaintsNeanderthalskeletonhadarightupperarmbonethatwasnoticeablystrongerthantheleft.SimilarobservationshavebeenmadeonotherNeanderthalskeletonssuchasLaFerrassieIandNeanderthalitself.
Fracturesandothercutmarksareanothersourceofevidence.Right-handedsoldierstendtobewoundedontheleft.Theskeletonofa40-or50-year-oldNabateanwarrior,buried2,000yearsagointheNegevDesert,Israel,hadmultiplehealedfracturestotheskull,theleftarm,andtheribs.
Toolsthemselvescanberevealing.Long-handedNeolithicspoonsofyewwoodpreservedinAlpinevillagesdatingto3000B.C.havesurvived;
thesignsofrubbingontheirleftsideindicatethattheiruserswereright-handed.ThelateIceAgeropefoundintheFrenchcaveofLascauxconsistsoffibersspiralingtotheright,andwasthereforetressedbyarighthander.
Occasionallyonecandeterminewhetherstonetoolswereusedintherighthandortheleft,anditisevenpossibletoassesshowfarbackthisfeaturecanbetraced.Instonetoolmakingexperiments,NickToth,aright-hander,heldthecore(thestonethatwouldbecomethetool)inhislefthandandthehammerstoneinhisright.Asthetoolwasmade,thecorewasrotatedclockwise,andtheflakes,removedinsequence,hadalittlecrescentofcortex(thecore'
soutersurface)ontheside.Toth'
sknappingproduced56percentflakeswiththecortexontheright,and44percentleft-orientedflakes.Aleft-handedtoolmakerwouldproducetheoppositepatternTothhasappliedthesecriteriatothesimilarlymadepebbletoolsfromanumberofearlysites(before1.5millionyears)atKoobiFora,Kenya,probablymadebyHomohabilis.Atsevensiteshefoundthat57percentoftheflakeswereright-oriented,and43percentleft,apatternalmostidenticaltothatproducedtoday.
About90percentofmodernhumansareright-handed:
wearetheonlymammalwithapreferentialuseofonehand.Thepartofthebrainresponsibleforfinecontrolandmovementislocatedintheleftcerebralhemisphere,andthefindingsabovesuggestthatthehumanbrainwasalreadyasymmetricalinitsstructureandfunctionnotlongafter2millionyearsago.AmongNeanderthalersof70,000–35,000yearsago,MarcellinBoulenotedthattheLaChapelle-aux-Saintsindividualhadalefthemisphereslightlybiggerthantheright,andthesamewasfoundforbrainsofspecimensfromNeanderthal,Gibraltar,andLaQuina.
■Muchoftheevidenceaboutright-handversusleft-handdominancecomesfromstencilsandprintsfoundinrocksheltersinAustraliaandelsewhere,andinmanyIceAgecavesinFrance,Spain,andTasmania.■Whenalefthandhasbeenstenciled,thisimpliesthattheartistwasright-handed,andviceversa.■Eventhoughthepaintwasoftensprayedonbymouth,onecanassumethatthedominant
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