04phonograph and the development of ethnomusicologyWord文档下载推荐.docx
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04phonograph and the development of ethnomusicologyWord文档下载推荐.docx
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(source:
JaapKunst.Ethnomusicology.AStudyofitsNature,itsProblems,MethodsandRepresentativePersonalitiestoWhichisAddedaBibliography.TheHague:
MartinusNijhoff,1959,pp.16-24;
36-37.
-Note:
thiscopiedversiondoesnotprovideallthereferencescitedintheoriginaltext.)
Thefirstphonogramsofexoticmusictobenefitourscience[i.d.ethnomusicology]weremadebyDr.WalterFewkesin1889,fromthesingingofthePassamaquoddyandZuñ
iIndians.TheserecordswerepassedonforanalysisandelaborationtoDr.B.I.GilmanofHarvardUniversity,andthisledtothepublicationofhisstudyZuñ
iMelodies,whichpaperhasservedasexampletomanylatertreatisesbasedonphonographicmaterial.
Oncetheimportanceandnecessityofphonographicrecordingwasgenerallyrealized,manylargerandsmallerphonogram-archivescameintobeing;
theoldestestablishedbeingintheU.S.A.SomeAmericanuniversitiesnowhaveextensivecollections.TheAmericanstockofphonogramswasestimatedin1933atabout17.000differentrecords,includingHonolulu.ThemajorityofthesearerecordingsofAmericanIndianvocalmusic,andaremostly,asfarasIknow,oncylinders.
SincethentheimportantandrapidlygrowingcollectionofrecordsoftheLibraryofCongress,WashingtonD.C.,themajorityofwhichwererecordedbymeansofthemostmodernapparatuses,havebeenaddedtotheseaswellasthesplendidcollection,broughttogetherbyGeorgeHerzog,formerlyatColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,andafterwardstransferredbyhimtotheAnthropologyDepartmentoftheUniversityofIndiana,Bloomington(Ind.),whereheisnowteaching.
Thismaterialhasbeengathered,studiedandstillisstudiedbyanumberofmeritoriousethnomusicologists.IalreadymentionedthenamesofFewkes,GilmanandGeorgHerzog.NexttothemworkedFrancesDensmore,HelenH.Roberts,EdwardSapir,FrederickR.Burton,CharlesK.Wead,RoseBrandel,GertrudeP.Kurath,WillardRhodes,AlanP.Merriam,DavidMcAllester,E.R.Clark,RichardA.Watermanandmanyothers.After1933Americanethno-musicologyreceivedafreshimpetuswhen,owingtotheriseofNationalsocialisminGermany,Sachs,VonHornbostelandBukofzercametotheUnitedStatesandwerecalledtouniversitychair.In1952MantleL.HoodfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,cametoEuropeandspecializedinIndonesianMusic.
FrenchCanada,also,boastsalargeandexcellentcollectionofphonogramsofFrench-Canadian,English-Canadianand(morethan2600)Canadian-Indianfolksongs,broughttogetherbyM.MariusBarbeauandhousedintheNationalMuseumofCanadaatOttawa.
AsfarasEuropeisconcerned,thebestknownandmostimportantcollectionswerefoundinViennaandBerlin.Ofthesetwo,theVienneseone–thepropertyoftheAcademyofSciences–istheolder.Itsestablishmentdatesfromabout1900;
apartfromafewthousandspeech–andlanguage-phonograms,itcontained,in1933,about1500musicrecords.TheAcademyissuedmanyethnomusicologicalstudies,basedonitsphonogramcollection.OfthoseImaymentionthepublicationsbyExnerandPö
ch,Trebitsch,Felber,VanOost,Murko,Biro,Idelsohn,Lach,Nadel,Graf,JanskyandTrubetskoy.RecentlyDr.WalterGrafhasbeenappointedasitsdirector.
TheBerlinarchives–whichweredestroyedor,atleast,dispersedwithouttheslightestchanceofgettingthemtogetheragain,duringthesecondworldwar-weremuchlarger.Theywereestablishedin1902,attheinstigationofthegreatphysiologistandpsychologistCarlStumpfs,andwereatfirst–until1932–housedinthePsychologicalInstituteoftheUniversityofBerlin,andlaterintheStaatlicheHochschulefü
rMusik;
after1933theyhavebeenincorporatedwiththecollectionsoftheMuseumfü
rVö
lkerkundei.
Stumpfs,asfarashismusicologicalworkisconcerned,livesoninthegratefulremembranceofethnomusicologistsnotonlyonaccountofhavingfoundedthisrichestandbestorganizedofallEuropeanphonogramarchives,butalsoasthemanwho,incollaborationwithDrOttoAbraham,madethefirstmusicologicalphonographicrecordsinGermany(fromthemusicoftheSiamesecourt-orchestrawhichwasperforminginBerlinatthetime),andalsoastheauthorofthatmasterlytreatiseTonsystemundMusicderSiamesen,ofalargerwork,Anfä
ngederMusik,andanumberofotherpublications.
However,theextraordinarygrowthoftheBerlinphonographicarchivesisnotsomuchduetoStumpf’swork,butrathertothatofhispupilandyoungerfriendErichM.vonHornbostel–facileprincepsamongallthosewhohavemadeethnomusicologythechosensubjectoftheirstudy.Underhisdirectionthephonographiccollectiongrewrapidly,until,in1933,whenVonHornbostelleftBerlin,itcomprisednolessthan10.000records.
VonHornbostel–atfirstwiththeco-operationofDr.OttoAbraham,lateralone–publishedaseriesofbrilliantstudies,basedontheanalysisandtranscriptionofthephonogramsacquiredbytheBerlinArchives,anddealingwiththemusicalexpressionsofpeoplesfromallpartsoftheworld.Unfortunatelythesestudiesarescatteredovercountlessperiodicalsandaccountsoftravelsoftendifficulttoobtain.Theauthornevergotasfaraspublishingthatpartofhislife’sworkinasinglevolumeof“CollectedMusicologicalEssays”;
onlyhisarticlesdatingfrombefore1908maybefoundtogetherinthefirstvolumeoftheSä
mmelbä
ndefü
rvergleichendeMusikwissenschaft.
ThemarvelousclarityofmindandwellnighinfallibleintuitionwithwhichVonHornbostelpenetratedintothe–atthetimepracticallyvirgin–fieldofexoticmusicalcultureswillrarelybeequaled.Hewasforallofusashiningexampleandunattainableideal.
Theremarkablethingisthathisgreatestservicetothescienceofethnomusicologywasprobablythefactthatheputforwardatheorywhichmightbeconsidereduntenable–thatis,iflaterinvestigators,ManfredF.BukofzerandKathleenSchlesinger,whohaveattemptedtodisapproveit,(thoughwith,inmyopinion,insufficientarguments)areright–butwhichhas,atanyrate,succeededinbringingclarityintocertainverythornyproblemsinconnectionwiththestructureof,andpossiblerelationshipbetween,instrumentalscalesofdifferentpeopleslivingremotefromeachother,andofbothformerandpresenttimes.IamofcoursereferringtoVonHornbostel’sfamoushypothesisofthecycleofblownfifths,whichthereadernodoubtknowsbyname.Forthecontentofthishypothesis,andthecriticismleveledatit,ImayreferthoseinterestedtomybrochureAroundVonHornbostel’stheoryofthecycleofblownfifthsandtothearticlesbyHandschinandLloyd.
VonHornbosteltrainedanumberoftalentedpupils,severalofwhomworkedforsomeyearsashisassistants.IwouldmentionGeorgHerzog,nowaprominentauthorityonNorthAmericanIndianMusicandattachedtotheUniversityofIndiana,(asananthropologist),andRobertLachmannwhospecializedintheJapaneseNohandtheArabandBerbermusic,andtowhomweoweoneofthecleverestandbestwrittenethno-musicologicalpublications,i.e.MusikdesOrients.ThereisfurtherWalterWiora,authorofseveralelaborateanddependableessaysonCentralEuropeanfolk-music,itsnatureandmethodsofinvestigation;
theprolificHansHickmann,anauthorityinthefieldofEgyptianandNorthAfricanmusic;
HeinrichHusmann,andthemany-sidedMariusSchneiderwho,inthefirstplace,hasoccupiedhimselfwithtypologyofmelodiesandtheirtransformationinthecourseofhistory,inthedifferentcultures,racesorbymigration;
furtherwiththeformationoftonesystems,musicphilosophy,symbolisminmusic,sound-languages,talkingdrums,multipartmusicandthespreadingofmusicalforms.AlsoMieczyslawKolinksimaybereckonedamongVonHornbostel’spupils,aswellasFritzBose.
Butthissphereofinfluencedidnotanddoesnotconfineitselftohisdirectpupils.AmongthosewhohavebeeninspiredbyhispersonalityandpublicationsImaymention,forinstance,HeinrichSimbringer,ManfredF.Bukofzer,SiegfriedNadelandmyself.
VonHornbostelconfinedhimselfchieflyto‘home-work’.Mostofhis‘field-work’wasdoneinthebeginningofhiscareer,amongthePawneeIndians.Itisprobablethathisphysiquewouldnothavestoodthestrainofmuchfield-work.Inotherways,however,hepossessedallthenecessaryqualitiesforit,especiallytactandintuition,anditisindeedtoberegrettedthatcircumstancesfinallyforcedhimtoworkmainlyathome.Thiswasapity–inthefirstplaceforhimself.Foritispreciselythevariationbetweenthetwosodiametricallyopposedoperations,inthefieldandinthestudy,whichcanmakethelifeofanethnomusicologistsorichandsoeminentlyworthliving.Themantowhoselotitfallstobepermittedthestudyofoursciencefrombothangles,may,indeed,considerhimselflucky.Helivesa‘doublelife’intherightsenseoftheword;
ontheonehandalifeofadventure:
enjoyingcontactwithstrangepeoples,experiencingtheenchantmentofpenetratingintolessknowregions;
ontheotherhandhisscientificandestheticinclinationsfindsatisfactioninthorough,far-reachinganalysisofthematerialcollected,which,moreover,issomuchmorealiveforhim,havinggatheredithimself,thanforotherswhoreceivetherecords,musicalinstrumentsandcommentsbymailorinvestigatetheminamuseum.
However,experienceteachesusthatthepositionisoftendifferentinthatthetwoaspectsofethnomusicologicalinvestigationmustnecessarilybekeptapart.A.H.FoxStrangways,
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