国际贸易实务周瑞琪等课后案例选择判断答案详解Word下载.docx
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国际贸易实务周瑞琪等课后案例选择判断答案详解Word下载.docx
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CIFrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportationandinsuranceagainstthebuyer’srisk.
4.Whatarethetwotypesoftradetermsconcerningthetransferofrisks?
Shipmentcontracttermsvs.arrivalcontractterms.Undershipmentcontracttermsseller’sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerbeforethegoodsdepartfromtheplace/portofshipment.Underarrivalcontracttermssellerwillbeartheriskofthegoodsuntilthegoodsarrivethedestination.
5.WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCPTandCFR?
Majorsimilarities:
a.sellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Sellerisnottakingtheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation.Difference:
a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforwaterwaytransport.b.UnderCPTseller’sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbyseller.UnderCFRseller’sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodspassovertheship’srail.
6.WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCIPandCIF?
a.sellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Sellerisnottakingtheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation.c.Sellermustobtaininsuranceagainstbuyer’srisk.Difference:
7.IfyoutradewithanAmerican,isthesalescontractsubjecttoIncotermswithoutanydoubt?
Whatshouldyoudo?
No.TheRevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941isstillinuse,especiallyamongtheNorthAmericanarea.Ithasdifferentinterpretationaboutsometradeterms.Thetradersshouldclarifythechoiceofrulesbeforeanyfurtherdiscussion.
8.Whatarethemostcommonlyusedtradeterms?
答:
FOB,CFR&
CIF.
9.WhoisresponsibleforcarryingoutcustomsformalitiesforexportsunderanFOBcontract?
Seller.AccordingtoIncoterms2000,exceptEXWandDDPthesetwoterms,alltheothereleventermsrequirethesellertohandletheexportcustomsformalities,whilebuyertheimportcustomsformalities.
10.IfaChinesetradersignsaFOBHamburgcontract,isheexportingorimporting?
Importing.FOBshouldbeusedwitha“namedportofshipment”,ifHamburgistheportofshipment,fromtheChinesetrader’sperspective,heisimporting.
V.CaseStudies
1.AnFOBcontractstipulated,"
TheshipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2008.Ifthevesselfailstoarriveattheportofshipmentontime,theselleragreestosetasidethegoodsforadditional27days,andthebuyerwillbearallcostsofdelay."
itturnedoutthatundertheseller'
srepeatedrequests,thevesselnamedbythebuyerfinallyarrivedattheportofshipmentonMay1.Asaresult,thesellerrefusedtomaketheshipment.
(1)Wasthesellerentitledtocompensationforthewarehouserent,insuranceandinterestduetothedelay?
(2)IfthesellerhadsoldthegoodstoathirdpartyonApril25,shouldthebuyerpayforthedelay?
(3)IfthesellerhadsoldthegoodstoathirdpartyonMay1withabetterprice,washeentitledtoanycompensation?
析:
a案例中提到“shipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。
也即是说,装运的最后期限为08年3月31日。
b文中提到的“additional27days”,根据合同卖方同意在买方船期延误的情况下为其将货物保留到4月27日。
(1)答案:
Yes。
答题切入点:
aFOB术语关于双方费用划分的规定;
b合同本身的条款规定。
(2)答案:
No。
合同本身的条款规定。
(3)这题与第一题相比,不同的一点在于“withabetterprice”。
解答时应对这一点进行分析:
在卖方卖出货物获得更高利润的情况下,他是否还应获得相关赔偿?
答案:
合同本身的条款规定
2.AcontracttosellgrainusedaCFRterm.ThegrainwasofficiallycertifiedasGradeOneatthetimeofbeingdeliveredonboardattheportofshipment.Aftermakingtheshipment,thesellergavethebuyertimelynotice.However,duetothelongvoyage,somegrainwentbad.Atthedestination,thegraincouldonlybesoldas"
Grade3"
.Consequently,thebuyerclaimedcompensationforthedamage.Shouldthesellerpay?
a货物在装运港已经“officiallycertifiedasGradeOne”,这就说明货物的质量是合格的,而且是经官方确认的。
b文中提到“duetolongvoyage”这说明货物变质的原因是由于运输时间长。
a货物变质的原因;
bCFR术语下风险转移的情况。
3.UnderaCIFcontract,thegoodshadbeenloadedonboardthevesselaccordingtothetermsofthecontract.Thenthevesseldeparted.Anhourlater,thevesselstruckarockandsunk.Thenextdaytheseller'
sbankpresentedtheshippingdocuments,insurancepolicyandinvoicestothebuyer,anddemandedpayment.
(1)Shouldthebuyerpay?
(2)Whichpartywouldhavetotaketheloss?
本题的关键疑问在于买方明知货物已全部损失,不可能再收到货物,是否还应支付货款。
这是考察对“symbolicdelivery”这个概念的理解。
在CIF术语下,卖方交货时买方并没有真正收到货物,卖方的交货是通过货交承运人并获得相关单据(尤其是物权凭证)来实现的。
而相应的,买方必须接受交货,也就是买方必须接受卖方提供的相应单据并履行相关支付的义务。
Yes.答题切入点:
a卖方履行其义务的情况;
bCIF术语对双方交货、领受货物的规定;
c解释“symbolicdelivery”在这里的应用。
Buyer。
CIF术语下风险转移的情况。
由于本章主要讨论贸易术语的应用,关注的主要是买、卖双方。
如果答案是保险公司,则要求说明损失的风险首先是由买方承担的,在风险属于保险公司承保范围内的情况下,保险公司会对买方进行部分或全部的赔偿。
4.AShanghaicompanysignedaCIFcontracttosellChristmasgoodstoaBritishcompany.The$1millioncontractstipulated,"
ThesellerguaranteesthatthegoodsarriveattheportofdestinationbyDecember1,2008.Ifthecarriageislate,thebuyercancancelthepurchase,andgettherefundforthepayment."
Sotheshipmentwasmade.Unfortunately,duetomechanicalproblems,thevesselarrivedatthedestinationafewhourslate.Thebuyerrefusedtoacceptthegoods.Asaresult,thegoodshadtobesoldonthespot,andthesellerlost$700,000.
(1)Wasthe"
arrivaldate"
clauseconsistentwithCIFtermunderIncoterms2000?
(2)Whattradetermisproperfortheobligationconcerningarrivaltime?
卖方受损的原因是货物达到目的港的时间晚于合同规定的时间,因此买方拒收货物。
从表面上看,似乎问题就是出在卖方违约上,但如果仔细分析就会发现,该合同本身的内容就存在自相矛盾的问题。
合同用的是CIF术语,卖方在货过船舷时风险就转移。
卖方既不承担运输途中的风险,也不保证货物是否能抵达目的港。
CIF合同本质上是一个“shipmentcontract”。
但加上一条保证到岸时间的条款后,合同的性质发生了变化:
它变成了一个“arrivalcontract”。
也就是说,在货物按时抵达目的港之前的一切风险都由卖方承担,否则卖方就是违约。
No.答题切入点:
aCIF术语对双方风险及义务的划分,点出“shipmentcontract”这一概念;
b解释“arrivaldate”clause对合同性质的改变。
DES。
对比两个术语在义务、费用划分上的相似程度。
5.AChinesecompanyfinalizedatransactionwithaGermancompanyunderCIFpriceandL/Cpayment.BothsalescontractandL/Creceivedstipulatedthattransshipmentwasnotallowed.TheChinesecompanymadetheshipmentonadirectvesselwithinthevalidityperiodoftheL/CandnegotiatedthepaymentwithadirectBillofLadingsuccessfully.AfterdepartingfromtheChineseport,inordertotakeanothershipment,theshippingcompanyunloadedthegoodsfromtheoriginalvesselandreloadedthemontoanotherone.Duetothedelayandthepoorconditionofthesecondvessel,thegoodsarrived2monthslaterthantheexpectedtime.TheGermancompanysufferedandclaimedcompensationfromtheChinesecompanywiththereasonthattheChinesesidecheatedthemwithadirectB/L.TheChinesecompanybelievedthatsincetheysignedthecontractundera“到岸价格”andtheybookedtheshippingcompany,theywouldberesponsibleforwhathappened.AsaresulttheChinesesidecompensated.Commentonthiscase.
案例要点解析:
a卖方按照合同规定履行了各项义务,造成货物到港延误的原因是船公司擅自改变运输安排,卖方对此并不知情。
b卖方把CIF理解成“到岸价格”存在错误,混淆了承担风险与承担费用的区别。
如果把CIF理解成“到岸价格”,那么CIF就变成了一个到岸合同术语(arrivalcontractterm)了,而实际上它应该是个装运合同术语(shipmentcontractterm)。
c因此,卖方在此情况下不应进行赔偿,而是应该协助买方向船方进行索赔。
Chapterthree
1.BBCompanysignedacontracttoexportclothing.ItsexportcoststotaledRMB800,000,andexportrevenuetotaledUSD100,000.IftheexchangeratewasUSD1=RMB8.2,Calculate:
1)Itsexportcostforforeignexchange;
A:
Exportcostforforeignexchange
=ExportcostinCNY/ExportrevenueinForeigncurry
=800,000/100,000=8
2)Itsexportprofit/lossrate.
TheExportcostforforeignexchangeislessthantheexchangerate(8<
8.2),sothistransactionisprofitable.
Exportprofitmargin
=[(foreignexchangerate–exportcostforforeignexchange)/exportcostforforeignexchange]x100%
=[(8.2-8)/8]x100%=2.5%
2.ThepricequotedbyaShanghaiexporterwas"
USD1200perM/TCFRLiverpool"
.ThebuyerrequestedarevisedFOBpriceincluding2%commission.ThefreightforShanghai-LiverpoolwasUSD200perM/T.Tokeeptheexportrevenueconstant,whatwouldbeFOBC2%price?
FOB=CFR–F=USD1200-USD200=USD1000
FOBC2=FOB/(1-C%)=USD1000/(1-2%)=USD1020.4
TheFOBC2%priceforthistransactionisUSD1020.4perM/T.
3.ACCompanyofferedtosellgoodsat"
USD100percaseCIFNewYork"
.TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforCFRC5%.Thepremiumrateforinsurancewas1.05%andmark-upforinsurancewas10%.Togetthesameexportrevenue,whatwouldbeAC'
snewoffer?
CFR=CIFx(1-UxR)=USD100x(1-110%x1.05%)=USD98.845
CRFC5=CFR/(1-C%)=USD98.845/(1-5%)=USD104.047
AC’snewofferwouldbe“USD104.047percaseCFRC5%NewYork”.
4.DDCompanyofferedtosellgoodsat"
USD2000perM/TCIFTorontowith'
allrisks'
and'
warrisk'
for110%ofthevalue"
.
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