Victoria EraMoralityWord格式.docx
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Victoria EraMoralityWord格式.docx
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TheerawasprecededbytheGeorgianperiodandfollowedbytheEdwardianperiod.ThelatterhalfoftheVictorianageroughlycoincidedwiththefirstportionoftheBelleÉ
poqueeraofcontinentalEuropeandtheGildedAgeoftheUnitedStates.
CulturallytherewasatransitionawayfromtherationalismoftheGeorgianperiodandtowardromanticismandmysticismwithregardtoreligion,socialvalues,andthearts.[1]Theeraispopularlyassociatedwiththevaluesofsocialandsexualrestraint.
Ininternationalrelationstheerawasalongperiodofpeace,knownasthePaxBritannica,andeconomic,colonial,andindustrialconsolidation,temporarilydisruptedbytheCrimeanWarin1854.TheendoftheperiodsawtheBoerWar.Domestically,theagendawasincreasinglyliberalwithanumberofshiftsinthedirectionofgradualpoliticalreform,industrialreformandthewideningofthevotingfranchise.
TwoespeciallyimportantfiguresinthisperiodofBritishhistoryaretheprimeministersGladstoneandDisraeli,whosecontrastingviewschangedthecourseofhistory.Disraeli,favouredbythequeen,wasagregariousTory.Gladstone,hisrivaldistrustedbytheQueen,aLiberal,servedmoretermsandoversawmuchoftheoveralllaw-makingoftheera.
ThepopulationofEnglandalmostdoubledfrom16.8millionin1851to30.5millionin1901.[2]Scotland'
spopulationalsoroserapidly,from2.8millionin1851to4.4millionin1901.Ireland'
spopulationdecreasedrapidly,from8.2millionin1841tolessthan4.5millionin1901,mostlyduetotheGreatFamine.[3]Atthesametime,around15millionemigrantslefttheUnitedKingdomintheVictorianeraandsettledmostlyintheUnitedStates,Canada,andAustralia.[4]
Duringtheearlypartoftheera,theHouseofCommonswasheadedbythetwoparties,theWhigsandtheTories.Fromthelate1850sonwards,theWhigsbecametheLiberals;
theToriesbecametheConservatives.ThesepartieswereledbymanyprominentstatesmenincludingLordMelbourne,SirRobertPeel,LordDerby,LordPalmerston,WilliamEwartGladstone,BenjaminDisraeli,andLordSalisbury.TheunsolvedproblemsrelatingtoIrishHomeRuleplayedagreatpartinpoliticsinthelaterVictorianera,particularlyinviewofGladstone'
sdeterminationtoachieveapoliticalsettlement.Indeed,theseissueswouldeventuallyleadtotheEasterRisingof1916andthesubsequentdominoeffectthatwouldplayalargepartinthefallof
theempire.
Culture
Seealso:
Victorianism,Victorianarchitecture,Victoriandecorativearts,
andVictorianfashion
ApictureofLeadenhallStreet,London,c.1837
ThePoultryCross,Salisbury,paintedbyLouiseRayner,c.1870
GothicRevivalarchitecturebecameincreasinglysignificantduringtheperiod,leadingtotheBattleoftheStylesbetweenGothicandClassicalideals.CharlesBarry'
sarchitectureforthenewPalaceofWestminster,whichhadbeenbadlydamagedinan1834fire,wasbuiltinthemedievalstyleofWestminsterHall,thesurvivingpartofthebuilding.Itconstructedanarrativeofculturalcontinuity,setinoppositiontotheviolentdisjunctionsofRevolutionaryFrance,acomparisoncommontotheperiod,asexpressedinThomasCarlyle'
sTheFrenchRevolution:
AHistoryandCharlesDickens'
GreatExpectationsandATaleofTwoCities.GothicwasalsosupportedbycriticJohnRuskin,whoarguedthatitepitomisedcommunalandinclusivesocialvalues,asopposedtoClassicism,whichheconsideredtoepitomisemechanicalstandardisation.
Themiddleofthe19thcenturysawTheGreatExhibitionof1851,thefirstWorld'
sFair,whichshowcasedthegreatestinnovationsofthecentury.AtitscentrewastheCrystalPalace,amodularglassandironstructure
–thefirstofitskind.ItwascondemnedbyRuskinastheverymodelofmechanicaldehumanisationindesign,butlatercametobepresentedastheprototypeofModernarchitecture.Theemergenceofphotography,showcasedattheGreatExhibition,resultedinsignificantchangesinVictorianartwithQueenVictoriabeingthefirstBritishmonarchtobephotographed.JohnEverettMillaiswasinfluencedbyphotography(notablyinhisportraitofRuskin)aswereotherPre-Raphaeliteartists.ItlaterbecameassociatedwiththeImpressionisticandSocialRealisttechniquesthatwoulddominatethelateryearsoftheperiodintheworkofartistssuchasWalterSickertandFrankHoll.
Industrializationbroughtwithitaburgeoningmiddleclasswhoseincreaseinnumbershadasignificanteffectonthesocialstrataitself:
culturalnorms,lifestyle,valuesandmorality.Identifiablecharacteristicscametodefine,inparticular,themiddleclasshome.Previously,intownandcity,residentialspacewasadjacenttoorincorporatedintotheworksite,virtuallyoccupyingthesamegeographicalspace.Thedifferencebetweenprivatelifeandcommercewasafluidonedistinguishedbyaninformaldemarcationoffunction.IntheVictorianera,Englishfamilylifeincreasinglybecamecompartmentalized,thehomeaself-containedstructurehousinganuclearfamilyextendedaccordingtoneedandcircumstancetoincludebloodrelations.Theconceptof“privacy”becameahallmarkofthemiddleclasslife.“...TheEnglishhomeclosedupanddarkenedoverthedecade(1850s),thecultofdomesticitymatchedbyacultofprivacy.”Bourgeoisexistencewasaworldofinteriorspace,heavilycurtainedoffandwaryofintrusion,andopenedonlybyinvitationforviewingonoccasionssuchaspartiesorteas.[8]“Theessential,unknowablilityofeachindividual,andsociety’scollaborationinthemaintenanceofafaç
adebehindwhichlurkedinnumerablemysteries,werethethemeswhichpreoccupiedmanymid-centurynovelists.”[9]
QueenVictoria,afterwhomtheeraisnamed.
Entertainment
Thissectiondoesnotciteanyreferencesorsources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(March2010)
PabloFanqueperformingatAstley'
sAmphitheatre,1847
Popularformsofentertainmentvariedbysocialclass.VictorianBritain,liketheperiodsbeforeit,wasinterestedinliterature(seeCharlesDickens,ArthurConanDoyleandWilliamMakepeaceThackeray),theatreandthearts(seeAestheticmovementandPre-RaphaeliteBrotherhood),andmusic,drama,andoperawerewidelyattended.MichaelBalfewasthemostpopularBritishgrandoperacomposeroftheperiod,whilethemostpopularmusicaltheatrewasaseriesoffourteencomicoperasbyGilbertandSullivan,althoughtherewasalsomusicalburlesqueandthebeginningofEdwardianmusicalcomedyinthe1890s.DramarangedfromlowcomedytoShakespeare(seeHenryIrving).Therewere,however,otherformsofentertainment.Gentlemenwenttodiningclubs,liketheBeefsteakclubortheSavageclub.Gamblingatcardsinestablishmentspopularlycalledcasinoswaswildlypopularduringtheperiod:
somuchsothatevangelicalandreformmovementsspecificallytargetedsuchestablishmentsintheireffortstostopgambling,drinking,andprostitution.
Brassbandsand'
TheBandstand'
becamepopularintheVictorianera.Thebandstandwasasimpleconstructionthatnotonlycreatedanornamentalfocalpoint,butalsoservedacousticrequirementswhilstprovidingshelterfromthechangeableBritishweather.Itwascommontohearthesoundofabrassbandwhilststrollingthroughparklands.Atthistimemusicalrecordingwasstillverymuchanovelty.
TheEpsomDerby;
paintingbyJamesPollard,c.1840
TheVictorianeramarkedthegoldenageoftheBritishcircus.Astley'
sAmphitheatreinLambeth,London,featuringequestrianactsina42-footwidecircusring,wastheepicentreofthe19thcenturycircus.Thepermanentstructuresustainedthreefiresbutasaninstitutionlastedafullcentury,withAndrewDucrowandWilliamBattymanagingthetheatreinthemiddlepartofthecentury.WilliamBattywouldalsobuildhisown14,000-personarena,knowncommonlyasBatty'
sHippodrome,inKensingtonGardensanddrawcrowdsfromtheCrystalPalaceExhibition.Travellingcircuses,likePabloFanque'
s,dominatedtheBritishprovinces,Scotland,andIreland(Fanquewouldenjoyfameagaininthe20thcenturywhenJohnLennonwouldbuyan1843posteradvertisinghiscircusandadaptthelyricsforTheBeatlessong,BeingfortheBenefitofMr.Kite!
).FanquealsostandsoutasablackmanwhoachievedgreatsuccessandenjoyedgreatadmirationamongtheBritishpubliconlyafewdecadesafterBritainhadabolishedslavery.[17][17]
Anotherformofentertainmentinvolved'
spectacles'
whereparanormalevents,suchasmesmerism,communicationwiththedead(bywayofmediumshiporchannelling),ghostconjuringandthelike,werecarriedouttothedelightofcrowdsandparticipants.SuchactivitiesweremorepopularatthistimethaninotherperiodsofrecentWesternhistory.
Naturalhistorybecameincreasinglyan"
amateur"
activity.ParticularlyinBritainandtheUnitedStates,thisgrewintospecialisthobbiessuchasthestudyofbirds,butterflies,seashells(malacology/conchology),beetlesandwildflowers.Amateurcollectorsandnaturalhistoryentrepreneursplayedanimportantroleinbuildingthelargenaturalhistorycollectionsofthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies.
Manypeopleusedthetrainservicestovisittheseaside,helpe
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