跨文化交际中的非语言交际英语其它论文Word格式.docx
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跨文化交际中的非语言交际英语其它论文Word格式.docx
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[KeyWords]Nonverbalcommunication;
Culture;
Cross-culturalcommunication
跨文化交际中的非语言交际
【摘要】随着科学技术的迅猛发展,整个世界已逐渐成为一个地球村,世界各国间的交流也成为一个不可逆转的潮流。
交际可以被分为语言交际以及非语言交际。
除了语言交流,话语音调、眼神的交流、姿势、触摸及面部表情等都在交际中起着非常重要的作用。
非语言交际的重要性体现在它能够影响人们的交流,反映人们的思想,是语言交际的重要补充。
它无所不在,源于文化又反映文化。
学习一个国家的文化就不可忽视对它的非语言交际的研究。
仅用本国的文化框架来解释他国的文化是行不通的。
忽视这一点,就可能导致冲突和误解。
本文探讨了不同文化中非语言交际手段的作用,在交际中的重要性,以及如何避免和解决跨文化交际中的冲突和误解。
【关键词】非语言交际;
文化;
跨文化交际
1.Introduction
Whenpeopletalkaboutcommunication,thefirstthingthatcomestotheirmindsistheuseofhumanlanguage.However,languageisnottheonlywayforcommunication.Althoughnonverbalcommunicationisnotreallyalanguageatall,itisapowerfulmodeofcommunication.Peoplecangainmoreinformationfromnonverbalcommunicationthanfromwhatpeopleactuallysay.Itisestimatedthat55percentofpeople’sattitudesandfeelingsarecommunicatedbythebody,38percentofthevoiceandonly7percentbyspokenwords.[1]Thisiswhypeoplegivecredencetosuchwell-knownsayingsas“Apictureisworthathousandwords.”
2Definitionofnonverbalcommunication
Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallthosenonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseofenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.[2]Nonverbalcommunicationincludestoneofvoice,facial
expressions,postures,gestures,anduseoftime,allofwhichareusedtocommunicatemessages.Nonverbalcommunicationsometimescanconveymessagesindependently,andinmanysituationsitisusedincombinationwithverbalbehaviorstoconveymeaning.Itisuseful,thereforetoexaminethefunctionsofnonverbalmessagesinrelationtoverbalmessagesincommunication.
3Thefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication
3.1Repetition
Nonverbalcommunicationcanreinforcewhat’ssaidinverballanguage.Byrepeatingtheverbalmessagenonverbally,asbyagesture,thereisabetterchanceforthereceivertounderstandthemessage.Forexample,peoplemightpointinacertaindirectionaftertheyhavejustsaid,“thenewbuildingisnorthofthelibrary.”
3.2Substitution
Nonverbalbehaviorcanbeusedtoreplaceverbalbehaviortoconveycertainmeaning.Ifpeopleseeaveryspecialfriend,theyareapttoenlargethesizeofthesmileandthrowopenarmstogreethimorher,whichisasubstituteforallthewordstoconveythesamefeeling.[3]
3.3Complementing
Closelyrelatedtorepeatingiscomplementing.Althoughmessagesthatrepeatcanstandalone,complementinggenerallyaddsmoreinformationtomessages.Forexample,peoplecantellsomeonethattheyarepleasedwithsomeone’sperformance,butthesemessagestakeonextrameaningiftheypatthepersonontheshoulderatthesametime;
inaddition,complementingisreferredtoasatypeofaccentingbecauseitaccentstheideathespeakeristryingtoexpress.Peoplecanseehowanapologybecomesmoreforcefulifhisface,aswellashiswords,issaying,“Iamsorry.”Theycanalsoaccenttheirangerbyspeakinginavoicethatismuchlouderthantheonepeopleuseinnormalconversation.
3.4Contradiction
Onsomeoccasions,nonverbalactionssendsignalsoppositetotheliteralmeaningcontainedinverbalmessages.Somespeakeroftensendshisorhernonverbalcuesbeyondhisorherconsciouscontrol;
theunspokenlanguageisregardedasspeakinglouderthanthespokenwords.Hetellspeopleheisrelaxedandatease,hisvoicequaversandhishandsshake.Dopeoplebelievesomeonewhosays“nothing”whenheorsheissweatingandlooksworried?
3.5Regulation
Peopleoftenregulateandmanagecommunicationbyutilizingsomeformsofnonverbalbehaviors:
silenceforamomentsendsthemessagethatspeakersarereadytobegintheirspeech;
directeyecontactwithsomeonemakeshimorherknowthechannelsofcommunicationareopen;
noddingtheheadinagreementindicatesthatthespeakershouldcontinuetalking.Nonverbalbehaviorsthushelppeopletocontrolthesituation.[4]
4.Differencesbetweenverbalcommunicationandnonverbalcommunication
Nonverbalandverbalcommunicationsarebothindispensablefromeachothe
r:
itishardtoimaginehowtheycouldfunctionwithouteitherone.Muchofthevalueofthesetwowaysofcommunicatingliesintheirdifferences.
4.1Singlevs.multiplechannels
Mostverbalmessages—word,sentences,andparagraphs—reachpeopleatatime,ratherlikepearlsonastring.Infact,it’sphysicallyimpossibleforapersontospeakmorethanonewordatatime.Unlikethespokenword,however,nonverbalmessagesdon’tarriveinsuchanorderly,sequentialmanner.Instead,theybombardussimultaneouslyfromamultitudeofchannels.Considertheeverydayactofmeetingastrangerforafirsttime.Onaverballevelthereisrelativelylittleinformationexchangeinthecliché
sthatoccupythefirstfewminutesofmostconversations(“howisgoing….?
.”“Greatweatherwehavebeenhaving”“whatisyourmajor”).Butatthesamemomentthenumberofnonverbalmessagesavailabletoyouisoverwhelming:
theotherpeople’facialexpressions,postures,gesturesandsoon.Insomewaythismulti-channelonslaughtofnonverbalmessageisaboon,sinceitprovidessomanywaysoflearningaboutothers.Inanothersense,however,thenumberofsimultaneousmessagesisaproblem,forit’sdifficulttorecognizetheoverwhelmingamountofnonverbalinformationpeoplereceivefromotherseverymoment.[5]
4.2Discretevs.continuous
Verbalmessages—word,sentences,andparagraphs—formmessageswithclearbeginningsandendings.Inthissensepeoplecanjudgewhetherothersarecommunicatingverballybyobservingwhethertheyarespeakingorwriting.Unlikethewrittenwordandspokenword,however,nonverbalcommunicationiscontinuousandneverending.Nonverbalcommunicationisaconstant,unstoppableprocess.Thepostures,gesturesandothertypesofmessagesprovideaconstantflowofmessages.Eventheabsenceofamessage(anunansweredletteroranunansweredphonecall)isamessage.Asacommunicationexpertsaidwhenreferringtononverbalcommunication,“nothingneverhappens.”[6]
4.3Clearvs.ambiguous
Althoughverbalcommunicationcanbeconfusing,peoplehavealreadyseenthatmostnonverbalcuesareevenvaguer.Nonverbalmessagesaren’tcompletelyambiguous,ofcourse:
itisprobablyanaccurateguessthatafrownsignifiessomesortofnegativefeelingandthatasmileindicatesapositiveemotion.Butpeopleoftenneedlanguagetotellthemhowothersfeelastheydosomething.Whenthebossissmiling,dosethatmeanheishappyorembarrassed?
Doesthesupervisor’sfrownindicateconfusionwiththeassignmentordisagreement?
Thebestwaytofindouttheanswersistoaskforhelpfromaverbalclarification,nottodependonpeople’sreadingofthenonverbalcues.
4.4Verbalvs.nonverbalimpact
Whenpeopleareexposedtobothverbalandnonverbalmessages,researchshowsthattheyfindthenonverbalsignalmuchmorepowe
rful.Inavarietyofsettings(includingjobinterview,therapysessions,firstmeeting),adultsrelymoreonnonverbalmessagethanonwordswheninterpretingthemessagesofothers.Nonverbalcuesareespeciallylikelytocarryweightwhentheycontradictaspeaker’swords.[7]
4.5Deliberatevs.unconscious
Whilepeopleusuallythinkaboutwhattheywanttosaybeforespeakingorwriting,morenonverbalmessagesaren’tdeliberate.Ofcourse,peopledopayattentiontosomeoftheirnonverbalbehavior:
smilingwhenpeoplewanttoconvinceothersthey’rehappyormakingsureourhandshakeisfirmtoshowthattheyarestraightforwardanddecisive.Buttherearesomanynonverbalchannelsthatisimpossibleforpeopletothinkaboutandcontrolallofthem.Thus,theirslumpingshouldersmightcontradicttheirsmiles,andtheirsweatingpalmsmightnegatealltheself-confidenceoftheirfirmhandshakes.Theunconsciousnatureofmostnonverbalbehaviorexplainswhyitofferssomanyusefulcuesabouthowothersarefeeling.
5.Importanceofnonverbalcommunication
5.1Characteristicsofnonverbalcommunication
5.1.1Nonverbalcommunicationisuniversal
Althoughnonverbalcommunicationdiffersindifferentcultures,somebasicemotionsreflectedbybehaviorssuchassmil
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