revised英语词汇学考前串讲Word格式.docx

revised英语词汇学考前串讲Word格式.docx

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ⅰ.TypesofBoundMorphemes:

粘着词素的种类

ⅱ.TypesofWordFormations:

构词法的种类

ⅲ.TypesofMeaning:

词义的种类

ⅳ.TypesofMeaningofIdioms:

习语涵义的种类

Ⅴ.名词解释（10分）：

Ⅵ.简答题（12分）：

ⅰ.比较题：

两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说‘概念意义与联想意

义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。

ⅱ.名词解释扩展题：

难的名词解释派生的简答题，如:

AffectedMeaning名词

解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为：

WhatisAffectedMeaning,

brieflyexemplifyit.

ⅲ.Optional:

可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子

Ⅶ.分析题（18分）：

给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。

二.串讲内容：

Introduction部分：

Lexicology这门课算哪一种学科的分支:

Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics.

Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:

1）Morphology2）Semantics3）Stylistics4）Etymology5）Lexicography

研究lexicology的两大方法:

1）Diachronicapproach:

历时语言学

2）Synchronicapproach:

共时语言学

e.g.wife

纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？

Woman的词义的变化算Narrowingorspecialization

第一章部分：

Whatisword?

词具有哪些特点？

词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1）Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;

2）Asoundunityoragivensound;

3）aunitofmeaning;

4）afor以上词的四mthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.

个特点也就是词的名词解释

词的分类（classificationofaword）

词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？

或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？

1）simplewords2）complexwords

单音节词例子：

e.g.Manandfinearesimple

多音节词例子：

e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmail

management可以次划分为manage和-ment

misfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortune

blackmail次划分为black和mail

Whatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?

1）Thereis‘nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.

e.g.dog.cat

2）Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.

3）Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.

Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?

1）Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform,suchasEnglishlanguage.

2）ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish

3）Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.

Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshiporirregularitybetweensoundandform?

1）TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdo

doubledutyorworktogetherincombination.

2）Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.

3）Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.

4）Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.

要记住以上四句话中的关键词：

1）influencedbyRomans

2）Pronunciationchanged

3）earlyscribes

4）borrowing

你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？

e.g.stimulus（L）,fiesta（Sp）,eureka（Gr）,kimono（Jap）

外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘soundandform’不一致。

Whatisvocabulary?

Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.

Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.

ClassificationofWords（本课的一个重点,年年考试都考）

Whatistheclassificationofwords?

Howtoclassifywordsinlinguistics?

Threecriteria:

1）Byuseoffrequency

2）Bynotion

3）Byorigin

Byuseoffrequency可划分为：

1）Thebasicwordstock

2）Nonbasicwordvocabulary

Bynotion可划分为：

1）Contentword

2）Functionalword

Contentwordsarealsoknownasnotionalwords.（Contentwords的别称）

Functionalwordsarealsoknownasemptywords,orformwords.（Functionalwords的别称）

Functionalwordspossessesacharacteristicofbasicwordstock,i.e.stability

AccordingtoStuartRobertson,etal（1957）,*（年年考试必考）thenine

functionalwords,namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,you

Whatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock?

1）Allnationalcharacter

2）Stability

3）Productivity

4）Polysemy

5）Collocability

要把握住‘Allnationalcharacter’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词

稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？

e.g.man,woman,fire,water…

e.g.machine,video,telephone…

e.g.bow,chariot,knight

Stabilityisrelative,notabsolute.

根据词的usefrequency划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作Nonebasicvocabulary,非基本词有几大特点？

或者是几大分类？

1）Terminology

e.g.sonata,algebra

2）Jargon

e.g.Bottomline（Jargon）

3）Slang

e.g.smoky,bear（Slang）

4）Argot

e.g.persuader

5）Dialectalwords

e.g.station（AusE=ranch）

bluid（ScotE=blood）

6）Archaisms

e.g.wilt（will）

7）Neologisms

e.g.email（Neologisms）

beaver是girl的slang表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylisticdifference

WhichconstitutesthelargernumberamongEnglishvocabulary,contentwordsorfunctionalwords?

Answer:

Contentwords

Whatisnativewords?

（1）Byorigin,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedintonativewordsandborrowedwords.

（2）NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:

theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknowasAnglo-Saxonwords.

（3）WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber,amountingtoroughly50,000to60,000,buttheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage

什么叫borrowedwords?

Answer:

（1）wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.

（2）ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary

（3）TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.

什么叫Denizens?

DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.InotherwordstheyhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling,suchasportfromportus（L）.

‘Denizens’的例子都要记：

Portfromportus（L）,cupfromcuppa（L）,shiftfromskipta（ON）,shirtfromskyrta（ON）,changefromchangier（F）,porkfromporc（F）.

什么叫Translation-loans?

Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedformtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage,suchas‘longtimenoseefromhaojiumeijian（Ch）

什么叫Semantic-loans?

wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,Buttheirmeaningareborrowed,inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage,suchastheworddream,whichoriginallymeant’joy’and‘music’,anditsmodernmeaningwasborrowedlaterfromtheNorse.

第二章：

ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary

TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily

Itisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000（someputit5,000）languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.（重点：

语系划分的标准）

Whatisthecriteriatodividelanguagefamilies?

Theanswer:

1.thebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstock2.grammar

（重点）TheBalto-Slaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesas（选择题内容：

）

Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,SlovenianandRussian.

‘Indo-European’两大分支：

1.Easternset2.Westernset

Easternset:

Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanian

Westernset:

Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.

InthewesternSet,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.

Celtic：

Scottish,Irish,Welsh,Breton

ThefiveRomancelanguages,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,RoumanianallbelongtotheItalic.

TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:

Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.

WithVikings’invasion,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglishlanguage.

Itisestimatedthatatleast900wordsofScandinavianoriginhavesurvivedinmodernEnglish.

OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.

重点句:

ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland

古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于（scripts）

古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了（earlyscripts）

Soundandform真正达到统一是在什么时期？

.Soundandformreachedtheirconcordin（ModernEnglishperiod）

如果从词汇变化的角度而言，ModernEnglish又可以细划分为earlyperiod,modernperiod.

*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期（重要的选择或填空内容）

EarlymodernEnglishappearedintheRenaissance，ModernEnglishperiod有什么样的外来语的进入？

TheLatinwordsswarmedintoEnglishinearlymodernEnglishperiod

现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是（colonization）

TherichnessofModernEnglishinvocabularyalsoarisesfrom（Colonization）

TheEnglishlanguagehasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage（重要选择或填空内容）

GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabulary

Threemainsourcesofnewwords:

1）Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology

2）Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;

3）Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguage

2.4ModesofVocabularyDevelopment

1）creation2）semanticchange3）borrowing

2）Semanticchange（还包括外来词的Semanticloans）

Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer

外来词可以被称作borrowedwords,因此又可以被称作重点句：

borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloanedwords.

恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色

RevivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.ThisisespeciallytrueofAmericanEnglish.

英语从syntheticlanguage发展到presentanalyticallanguage是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？

答案：

ModernEnglishperiod

文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?

EarlyModern