话题05 科普知识与现代技术新高考英语阅读拓展训练Word文档下载推荐.docx
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话题05 科普知识与现代技术新高考英语阅读拓展训练Word文档下载推荐.docx
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阅读理解
说明文
新旧电子设备的差别
363
★★★☆☆
Wemaythinkwe’reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(装置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That’sbadnewsfortheenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.
Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife–fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smart
phones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.
Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn’tthrowoutouroldones.“Theliving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids’room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,”saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We’renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices–wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt’steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergy
consumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions(排放)morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.
Sowhat’sthesolution(解决方案)?
Theteam’sdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.
1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?
A.Theyaree
nvironment-friendly.
B.Theyarenobetterthantheold.
C.Theycostmoretouseathome.
D.Theygooutofstylequickly.
2.WhydidBabbitt’steamconducttheresearch?
A.Toreducethecostofminerals.
B.Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.
C.Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.
D.Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.
3.Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?
A.Thebox-setTV.B.Thetablet.
C.TheLCDTV.D.Thedesktopcomputer.
4.Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?
A.Stopusingthem.B.Takethemapart.
C.Upgradethem.D.Recyclethem.
B
18天津卷
阅读C
阅读理解
说明文
3D打印技术在食物上的应用
383
There’sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat’sbeginningtocomeintofocus:
food.Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisn’tstoppingthere.
Foodproduction
Witha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat—ittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“re-createformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”f
reeingcookstocompleteothertasks.Inanotherrestaurant,allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3D-printed,ratherthanfarmtotable.
Sustainability(可持续性)
Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcouldprobablycontributetothesolution.Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids(水解胶体)fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻类)andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients(烹饪原料).3Dprintingcanreducefueluseandemissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock"
food"
thatlastsyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtransportationandstoragerequirements.
Nutrition
Future3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity,said,“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterday’sbreadfromthesupermarket,you’deatsomethingbakedjustforyouondemand.”
Challenges
Despiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting,theindustryhasmanychallengestoovercome.Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapaste(糊状物)beforeaprintercanusethem,andtheprintingprocessisquitetime-consuming,becauseingredientsinteractwitheachotherinverycomplexways.Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.
1.Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintingbringtofoodproduction?
A.Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes.
B.Itsavestimeandeffortincooking.
C.Itimprovesthecookingconditions.
D.Itcontributestorestaurantdecorations.
2.Whatcanwelearnabout3DfoodprintingfromParagraphs3?
A.Itsolvesfoodshortageseasily.
B.Itquickensthetransportationoffood.
C.Itneedsnospaceforthestorageoffood.
D.Itusesrenewablematerialsassourcesoffood.
3.AccordingtoParagraph4,3D-printedfood_____________.
A.ismoreavailabletoconsumers
B.canmeetindividualnutritionalneeds
C.ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarkets
D.cankeepallthenutritioninrawmaterials
4.Whatisthemainfactorthatprevents3Dfoodprintingfromspreadingwidely?
A.Theprintingprocessiscomplicated.
B.3Dfoodprintersaretooexpensive.
C.Foodmaterialshavetobedry.
D.Someexpertsdoubt3Dfoodprinting.
5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?
A.3DFoodPrinting:
DeliciousNewTechnology
B.ANewWaytoImprove3DFoodPrinting
C.TheChallengesfor3DFoodProduction
D.3DFoodPrinting:
FromFarmtoTable
C
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
17北京卷
人工智能
466
★★☆☆☆
Hollywood’stheorythatmachineswithevil(邪恶)mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics(控制论),putitthisway:
“Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere(干预),wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”
Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociate
withlivingthings:
awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;
itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachi
eveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.
Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:
wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.
SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.”However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron-induced(中子诱导)nuclearchainreaction.
1.Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay.
A.runoutofhumancontrol
B.satisfyhuman’srealdesires
C.commandarmiesofkillerrobots
D.workfasterthanamathematician
2.Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto.
A.preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed
B.achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependently
C.doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenorders
D.beathumansininternationalchessmatches
3.Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto.
A.helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetter
B.besecureagainstevilhumanbeings
C.ke
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