托福TPO31听力文本+答案解析Word下载.docx
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托福TPO31听力文本+答案解析Word下载.docx
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Yeah.Butnow,IseethatIprobablyneedtocomeupwithanewpaper
topic.Actually,therewasoneotherideaIhad.Ihavebeenthinkingabout
doingsomethingaboutcommunityplanningintheearlyBritishsettlementsin
EasternNorthAmerica.
Oh.OK.Iamcurious.Whyareyouinterestedindoingsomethingon
communityplanningincolonialtimes?
Well,Iammuchmoreintoarchitecture.It’smymajorandImean,planning
outatownorcitygoesalongwiththat.Imean,notthatIdon’tlikehistory…I
aminterestedinhistory…reallyinterested…ButIthink,youknow,foracareer,
architectureismoreforme.
That’sgreat.I’vegottensomeverythought-provokingpapersfromstudents
whoseinterestsgobeyondhistory.
OK.Butforthepaperyouwantedustotrytoincludeacomparison,
right?
Yes.Actually,thatwasreallythepurposeoftheassignment.Thewaythe
UnitedStatesdevelopedorperhapsIshouldsaythecolonies,sincetheland
thatwouldbecometheEasternUnitedStates…uh…therewereBritishcoloniesthere
fourhundredyearsago.Butanyway…uh…developmentinthecoloniesdiffered
greatlydependingongeography.Iamlookingforpapersthathaveideasabout
somethingthathappenedonewayintheNortherncolonieshappenedadifferent
wayintheSoutherncolonies.
Isthattrueintermsofurbanplanning?
Verytrue.TownsintheNortherncolonieswerecentralizedandcompact.
Theyprovidedameetingpointforexchanginggoods,forparticipatory
government,andforpracticingreligion.Houseswouldbebuiltalongtheroads
thatledintotown.Andjustoutsidethedevelopedarea,therewouldusuallybe
anopenareaofsomesortforgrazinganimalsandalsogroupactivities.
Actually,themodelforplanningatownintheNortherncolonieswasnotunlike
themodelforthedevelopmentoftownsinmedievalEurope.Afterall,the
colonistshadjustcomefromEuropeandthemedievalperiodwasjustended.
MedievalEurope.ButwhatabouttheSouth?
IfIremembercorrectly…Inthe
South,atleastinitially,theydidn’tbuildtownssomuchastheybuilttrading
posts.
That’sright.MostofthesettlersintheNorthwantedtostartawholenew
life.ButmostofthepeoplewhocamefromEuropetotheSouthjustwantedto
makesomemoneyandthengoback.Itisnotsurprisingthatsomeofmostcommon
buildingswerestoragefacilitiesandportfacilities.
Lecture1-Music(AncientGreekMusic&
Plato)
Listentopartofalectureinamusicclass.
Todaywearegoingtodosomethingalittledifferent.Inthepastfew
classes,we’velistenedtotraditionalmusicfromaroundtheworldandwe’ve
talkedaboutthecharacteristicsofthesemusic,whatmakesthesestyles
distinctive,whatkindsofinstrumentsareused.Andyou’vetalkedaboutwhat
soundsfamiliartoyouandwhatsoundsstrange.Andmanyofyoufoundsomeof
whatwe’velistenedtoverystrangeindeed.
Well,todayIwanttostarttalkingaboutwesternmusicandIamgoingto
startinancientGreece.But,nowhere’sthepartthat’sdifferent.We’renot
goingtotalkverymuchabouttheactualmusic.Instead,wearegoingtotalk
aboutwhattheGreeksbelievedaboutmusic.
Now,therearesomeverygoodreasonstoapproachthematerialinthisway.
First,well,wedon’thaveverymuchancientGreekmusicstudied.Onlyabout45
piecessurvived…uh…thesearemostlyrecordsofpoemsandsongs.Andwearenot
surehowwellwecanreproducethemelodiesorrhythms,becausetheywere
apparentlyimprovisedinmanycases.Sowereallydon’tknowallthatmuchabout
whatthemusicsoundedlike.
Whatwedoknowabout-andthisreallyisthemostimportantreasonIam
approachingtoday’slecturethewayIam-istheGreekphilosophyaboutmusic
anditscontinuinginfluenceonwesternattitudestowardmusic.
Now,ifwe’regoingtounderstandthephilosophy,wehavetofirst
understandthatmusicfortheGreekswasaboutmuchmorethanentertainment.
Yes,therewasmusicatfestivalsandwehavesculpturesandpaintingsshowing
peoplelisteningtomusicformanyofthesamereasonsthatwedo.Butthis
isn’tthewholestory.
Theimportantthingaboutmusicwasthatitwasgovernedbyrules,
mathematicalrules.Andforthoseofyouwhoarealsostudyingmusictheory,
you’llseethatitisinfacthighlymathematical.
Um…andfortheGreeks,thesamemathematicalprinciplesthatgovernmusic
alsogoverntheuniverseaswellasthehumancharacter,theessenceof
personality.People’scharacterswerebelievedtobeverysensitivetomusic.If
youstartedplayingaroundwiththerules,youknow,messingupthemathematical
order,youcoulddoseriousharm.That’swhymusicwasconsideredsopowerful.
Ifyouknewtherules,itcoulddogreatgood.Butifyoubrokethem,youcould
dogreatharmtothecharacterofthelistener.
So,wehavethisGreekideathatmusicisdirectlyrelatedtohuman
characterandbehavior.
Thephilosopher,Plato,talksaboutthisinthecontextofeducation.For
Plato,musicisanimportantelementineducation,butonlytherightkindof
music.Thatmeansthekindofmusicthatbuildsthekindofcharacteragood
citizenorafutureleaderwouldneed.Yes.ForPlato,thereisakindofmusic
thatinstillsthequalitiesofleadership,justasthereisakindofmusicthat
makesapersonsoftandweak.
Now,Platohasveryspecific,veryconventionalkindsofmusicinmind.He
isnotfondofinnovation.ThereweremusiciansinPlato’sdaywhowere
experimentingwithdifferentmelodiesandrhythms.Adefiniteno-noforPlato.
Hethinksthatbreakingwithtraditionleadstoallsortsofsocialproblems,
seriousproblems,eventhebreakdownofthefabricofsociety.Iamthinking
backnowtowhenIfirststartedlisteningtorock‘n’rollandIremembermy
fathersayingitwasabadinfluenceonus.Ithinkhewouldhavegottenalong
wellwithPlato.
Anyway,Idon’tneedtotellyouwhatIthinkaboutPlato’sideasabout
innovation,doI?
ThoughIhavetosayit’sinterestingthatthesamearguments
againstnewmusicandartarestillbeingmade.PerhapsliketheGreeks,we
recognize,andmaybeevenfearthepowerofmusic.
Lecture2-Geology(MovementofTectonicPlates)
Listentopartofalectureinageologyclass.
Aswe’vediscussed,Earth’scrustismadeupoflargeplatesthatrestona
mantleofmoltenrock.Theseplates…uh…nowthesetectonicplatessupportthe
continentsandoceans.Overtime,thetectonicplatesmoveandshift,which
movesthecontinentsandtheoceanfloorstoo.Onceitwasunderstoodhowthese
platesmove,itwaspossibletodeterminepastmovementsofEarth’scontinents
andhowtheseslowmovementshavereshapedEarth’sfeaturesatdifferent
times.
OK.Well,(as)studyingthemovementsoftheplatescantellusaboutthe
locationofthecontinentsinthepast,itcanconceivablytellusabouttheir
locationinthefuturetoo,right?
So,inrecentyears,somegeologistshave
usedplatetectonictheorytomakewhattheycallgeopredictions.Geopredictions
areguessesaboutwhatEarth’ssurfacemightlooklikemillionsofyearsfrom
now.
So,weknowhowcertaincontinentsarecurrentlymoving.Forexample,the
continentsofAfricahasbeencreepingnorthtowardEurope.AndAustraliahas
beenmakingitswaynorthtoo,towardAsia.
Doesanyoneknowwhat’shappeningtotheAmericas?
I…Ithinkwe’vetalked
aboutthatbefore.Lisa?
Theyaremovingwestward,awayfromEuropeandAfrica.Right?
Right.Andwhatmakesusthinkthat?
TheAtlanticOceanfloorisspreadingandgettingwider,sothereismore
oceanbetweentheAmericasandEuropeandAfrica.
OK.Andwhyisitspreading?
Well,theseafloorisspilt.Thereisaridge,amountainrangethatruns
northandsouththere.AndtherockmaterialflowsupfromEarth’sinterior
here,atthesplit,whichforcesthetwosidesoftheoceanfloortospread
apart,tomakeroomforthenewrockmaterial.
Good.Andthatmeans,overtheshortterm…uh…andbyshorttermImean50
millionyears,that’sablinkoftheeyeingeologicaltime.Um…overtheshort
term,wecanpredictthattheAmericaswillcontinuetomovewestward,farther
awayfromEurope,whileAfricaandAustraliawillcontinuetomove
northward.
Butwhataboutoverthelongterm?
Say250millionyearsormore.Well,
overthatlengthoftime,forecastsbecomemoreuncertain.Butlotsof
geologistspredictthateventuallyallthecontinents,includingAntarctica,
willmergeandbecomeonegiantlandmass,asupercontinent,oneresearchers
callingPangaeaUltima,whichmoreorlessmeansthelastsupercontinent.The
abovetextisatranscriptofthislecturepreparedbyl
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