week7The Eighteenth Century English Literature18世纪英国文学Word下载.docx
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week7The Eighteenth Century English Literature18世纪英国文学Word下载.docx
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PopularagainandagainhitIreland;
inScotlandpeoplewerethreateningofindependencefromtheBritishgovernment;
andtheAmericanpeoplestartedtheirWarofIndependencein1776andfinallybrokeawayfromtheBritishgovernment.AstheIndustrialRevolutionwentoninitsfullswing,moreandmorepeoplejoinedtherankofthemiddleclassorthepropertiedclassthroughmuchhardwork.Morally,theystressedthevirtuesofself-discipline,thriftandhardwork.PeopledividedintotheliberalWhigs,whoweredeterminedtosafeguardpopularliberty,andtheconservativeTories,withtendermemoriesofkingcraft.OntheextremeofToryismwereJacobites.AndalmostallwritersoftheagewereservantsofWhigsorToriesduringtheircompetition.
Ⅱ.CulturalBackground
1.Enlightenment
ThewasaprogressiveintellectualmovementthroughoutWesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.Itwasanexpressionofstruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theythoughtthechiefmeansforbetteringthesocietywas"
enlightenment"
or"
education"
forthepeople.TheEnglishenlightenerswerebourgeoisdemocraticthinkers.Theysetnorevolutionaryaimbeforethemandwhattheystroveforwastobringittoanendbyclearingawaythefeudalideaswiththebourgeoisideology.
Enlightenersfellintotwogroups-thegroupandtheradicalgroup.Moderateenlightenerssupportedtheprinciplesoftheexistingsocialorderandconsideredthatpartialreformswouldbesufficient.InthisgroupmaybeincludedchieflyAlexanderPope,JosephAddisonandRichardSteele,DanielDefoeandSamuelRichardson.Theytriedtoworkoutastandardofmoralconduct,whichcouldbemoresuitabletotheexistingsocialconditions.Radicalenlightenersstruggledformoreresolutedemocratizationinthemanagementofthegovernment,anddefendedtheinterestsoftheexploitedmasses,thepeasantsandtheworkingpeopleinthecities.TherepresentativewritersofthisgroupareJonathanSwift,HenryFielding,TobiasGeorgeSmollett,OliverGoldsmithandRichardBrinsleySheridan.Theystressedthediscrepancybetweenwhattheycalled“theproper,moralstandards”andthebourgeois-aristocraticsocietyoftheirage.
2.TheinfluenceofEnlightenment
InspiredbythespiritoftheEnlightenment,peoplewereencouragedtocultivateasoundsenseofrationalityandawittyintellectuality.Moreschoolsweresetup.TheCopyrightActof1709made,forthefirsttimeinEnglishhistory,literarycreationanhonorableandindependentprofession.
Besidesthepopularformsofpoetry,novelanddrama,theperiodalsosawtheappearanceofsuchpopularpressaspamphletsandnewspapersandperiodicals.Andtherewasalsotheflourishofcoffeehousesandallkindsofsocialclubs,(about2000inLondon.)whichgreatlyhelpedthecultivationandpromotionofthenewEnglishculture.
However,inthelaterpartofthecentury,peoplebegantofeeldiscontentedwiththerigidityofrationality.Ademandforareleaseofone'
sspontaneousfeeling,arelaxationfromthecoldandrigidlogicofrationalityandanescapefrom,theinhumanIndustrialRevolutiongraduallytookshapeintheformofsentimentalandpre-romanticnovelandpoetry.
Ⅲ.CharacteristicsoftheLiterature
Themainliterarystreamofthe18thcenturywas.Whatthewritersdescribedintheirworksweresocialrealities.Themaincharacterswereusuallycommonmen.Mostofthewritersconcentratedtheirattentionondailylife.Literatureincludedbook,newspaper,magazine,andpamphlets.Prosehadarapiddevelopmentinthisage,sothe18thcenturywasanageofprose.
Novelwritingmadeabigadvanceinthiscentury.Alongwiththeeconomicindependence,theeighteenth-centurywritersenjoyedgreaterfreedomintheircreativeactivitiesandwerenowabletodevotethemselvestowhateverinterestedthemandtogiveutterancetowhatevertheythoughtrightorproper.Forthefirsttimetoo,theliterarytendencyoftheagewasmoving-awayfromtheconventionalromancestoriesaboutthelifeoftherichandnoblepeopleofthearistocraticclassandturningtoworksthatwouldgiveaccountsofthecommonlifeoftheordinaryfolk.
Inthisagewasmuchusedinwriting.Itreferstoanywriting,inpoetryorprose,withthepurposetoridicule,censure(责难)andcorrectthevices,follies,stupiditiesandcorruptionsofthesociety,andtosatirizetheirenemies.
Thedevelopmentoftheliteratureinthisperiodcanbesummarizedas:
thepredominanceofneoclassicalpoetryandproseintheearlydecadesofthe18thcentury;
theriseandflourishofmodernrealisticnovelinthemiddleyearsofthe18thcentury;
andtheappearanceofgothicnovelandthesentimentalandpre-romanticpoetryandfictioninthelastfewdecadesofthe18thcentury.
1.Neo-ClassicisminEnglishLiterature
Inearly18thcentury,writersoftheneo-classicalschoolwereAddison,SteeleandPope.Inthemiddledecadesofthecentury,SamuelJohnsonbecametheleaderoftheclassicalschoolinEnglishpoetryandprose.
TheclassicistsfoundtheirartisticmodelsintheclassicalliteratureoftheancientGreekandRomanwriters,andtriedtocontrolliterarycreationbysomefixedlawsandrulesdrawnfromtheirworks.Inwritingplaystheyusedrimedinsteadofblankverse.Theyobservedthethreeunities-theunitiesoftime,placeandaction.Theythoughtpoetryshouldfollowtheancientdivisions,fallingintolyric,epic,didactic,satiricordramaticandeachgroupshouldbeguidedbysomepeculiarprinciples.Proseshouldbeprecise,directandflexible.Theyputthestressontheclassicalidealsoforder,logic,restrainedemotion,accuracy,goodtasteanddecorum.Theirworks,mostlyrefinedandperfect,areconscientiouscraftsmanshipandoftenhighlydidactic.Neoclassicalpoetryreacheditsstylisticperfectionduringtheperiod.
A.AlexanderPope(1688-1744)
a.AbriefintroductionofPope
Popewastherepresentativewriteroftheneo-classicalschool.Hewasamasterinsatireandheroiccoupletandepigram.Hepopularizedtheneo-classicalliterarytradition.HewasoneoftheearlyrepresentativesoftheEnlightenment,whointroducedintoEnglishculturethespiritofrationalismandgreaterinterestinthehumanworld.Herepresentedthehighestgloryandauthorityinmattersofliteraryartandmadegreatcontributionstothetheoryandpracticeofprosody(诗学).
b.Pope'
sMajorWorks:
AnEssayonCriticism《批评论》(1711),writteninheroiccouplet,wasamanifestoofEnglishneo-classicism.ItsumsuptheartofpoetryofoldGreekandRoman.
TheRapeoftheLock《卷发遇劫记》(1714).Afopatthecourtforciblycutoffalockofcurlsofaprettymaidofhonor.Inthispoemthepoetdescribeshowaquarrelbetweentwoaristocraticfamiliesarose.Itisasatireofthecourtlifeofthattime.
EssayonMan《人论》,writteninheroiccouplet,indicatesthepoet’spoliticalandphilosophicalviewpoint.Itdealswithman’srelationtotheuniverse,tosociety,tohimself,andtohappiness.
TheDunciad《愚人志》isPope’sfamoussatiricalpoem.Itisfullofbitterpersonalattacksonthepoet’spersonalenemies,anditalsogivesabroadsatiricalpictureofthewholeliterarylifeintheearly18thcenturyEngland.
c.Pope’sepigram
“Hillspeepoverhills,andAlpsonAlpsarise!
”
山外有山,天外有天。
(学而后知不足)
Whateveris,isright.凡是存在的都是合理的。
Forfoolsrushinwhereangelsfeartotread.天使不敢践踏之地,蠢才蜂拥而至。
Toerrishuman,toforgive,divine.凡人多舛误,唯神能见侑。
Alittlelearningisadangerousthing.学识浅薄是件危险的事。
B.JosephAddison(1672-1719)andRichardSteele(1672-1729)
In1709,Steelestartedaliteraryperiodicalnamed“TheTatler”《闲谈者》.In1711,AddisoncollaboratedwithSteeletocreatealiteraryperiodicalcalled“TheSpectator”《观察者》.
SteeleandAddison’sContributionstoEnglishLiterature:
a.Theirwritingsin“The”and“TheSpectator”provideanewcodeofsocialmoralityfortherisingbourgeoisie.
b.TheygiveatruepictureofthesociallifeofEnglandinthe18thcentury.
c.Intheirhands,theEnglishessaycompletelyestablisheditselfasaliterarygenre.Usingitasaformofcharactersketchingandstory-telling;
theyusheredinthedawnofthemodernnovel.
C.SamuelJohnson:
alexicographer,criticandpoet.Hisdictionarywaspublishedin1755.HisfamousarticleincludeSirRogeratChurchandSirRogerattheAssizes.
2.EnglishRealisticNovels
Thenovelistsofthisperiodtoldthereaderintheirnovels,notaboutknightsorkingsbutabouttheordinarypeople,abouttheirthoughts;
feelingsandstruggles.ThemajorrealistnovelistsofthiscenturyareDanielDefoe,JonathanSwift,andHenryFielding.Bycombiningtheallegoricaltraditionofthemoralfableswiththepicaresquetraditionofthelower-castestories,theyachievedintheirworksbothrealismandmoralteaching.
A.DanielDefoe
B.JonathanSwift
C.HenryFielding
D.T.G.Smollet(1721-1771):
hissatiricalnovelstoucheduponvariousaspectsofEnglishlife.
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