南航美国文学史概述与作品选读总结Word下载.docx
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南航美国文学史概述与作品选读总结Word下载.docx
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①ToHelen
②TheRaven
③TheFalloftheHouseofUsher
④TheBlackCat
8.RalphWaldoEmerson(leadingNewEnglandtranscendentalist)
①Nature
②Self-Reliance
③TheAmericanScholar
9.HenryDavidThoreau(anactivetranscendentalist)
①Walden
10.NathanielHawthorne(amasterofsymbolism;
firstgreatAmericanwriteroffictiontoworkinmoralistictradition.combinedtheAmericanromanticismwithpuritanmoralism;
createdanewgenrepsychologicalromance)
①TheScarletLetter
②TwiceToldTales
③TheMarbleFaun
④BlithedaleRomance
⑤TheMinister’sBlackVeil
11.HermanMelville
①MobyDick
12.HenryWadsworthLongfellow(thefiresidepoet;
loveofnature,loveforthepast)
①APsalmofLife
②TheSlave’sDream
③MyLostYouth
④TheSongofHiawatha
13.WaltWhitman
①LeavesofGrass(firstgenuineepicpoem)
②SongofMyself
③ISitandLookOut
④Beat!
Beat!
Drums!
14.EmilyDickinson(thethemeofherpoetryconcernreligion,life,death,marriage,immorality,natureetc.)
①ITasteaLiquorNeverBrewed
②IFeltaFuneral,inMyBrain
③ABirdCameDowntheWalk
④IDiedforBeauty___butWasScarce
⑤IHearaFlyBuzz___WhenIDied
⑥BecauseICouldnotStopforDeath
WashingtonIrving
BracebridgeHall布雷斯布里奇田庄(1822)
TheLegendofSleepyHollow
TalesofaTraveller旅客谈(1824)
ChristopherColumbus(1828)
c.writingcharacteristics
(1)humorous:
thefunctionofhiswritingistoamuse,toentertaininsteadofteachingorinstruction
(2)vividandtruecharacterportrayal
(3)finished(refined)andmusicallanguage,thusregardedas“theAmn.Goldsmith”
d.analysisonTheLegendofSleepyHollow(选自thesketchbook见闻札记)
1.thestory:
setting,character,plot
2.theme:
conflictsandpraise
conflictbetw.IchabodandBrom
conflictbetw.thevillageandtheoutsideworld
JamesFenimoreCooper
TheSpy(1821):
ahistoricalnovel
ThePilot(1824):
aseanovel
LeatherstockingTales皮裹腿故事集(1823-1841):
frontiernovels
TheLastMohicans(1826)(ColonialWarbetw.BritainandFrance)
e.writingfeatures:
strongpoints:
wecanseeavarietyofincidentsandtensions,complicatedplotandstructureandabeautifuldescriptionofnature.
Weakpoints:
characterizationisweak.Thereisunsatisfactorydescriptionofcharacters(esp.female).Heisnotfreefromsyntacticalawkwardness,heavy-handedattemptathumor.“WhereIrvingexcelsCooperisweak.”Dialectisnotauthentic.
EdgarAllanPoe
TheFalloftheHouseUsher
Feature:
i.brevity(15pages)
ii.Singleeffect
iii.originalityintheme
ToHelen
ItwasinspiredbythebeautyofthemotherofaschoolmateofPoeinRichmond,Virginia.
Thepoemisfamousforanumberofthings:
1.itsrhymescheme:
ababb
2.itsvariedlinelengths
3.itsmetaphorofatravelonthesea
4.itsoft-quotedlines:
"
TotheglorythatwasGreece,/AndthegrandeurthatwasRome."
theme:
praisetheidealloveandbeautyandancientGreekandRomancivilizations
TheRaven乌鸦
thelamentoverthedeathofabeautifulwoman
tone:
melancholy
Transcendentalism(essayists,poets,novelists)
Theirjournalis“TheDial”.
Definition:
Transcendentalismisidealism.(Emerson)
b.features
(1)stressonOversoul,thatisspirit.
(2)stresstheimportanceofindividual.
(3)freshconceptionofnature.
c.significance
(1)inspiredawholegenerationofwriterssuchasWhitman,MelvilleandDickinson.
(2)dressesman’ssubjectiveinitiativeasopposedtomaterialism.
(3)liberatedpeoplefromCalvin’soriginalsin
d.limitation
(1)shallow:
cutofffromreallifeorreality;
initiatedbytherich,theywerelimitedinacertaincircle.So,insomedegree,theyhavebeencutofffromsociallifeandcan’tunderstandthesufferingsofthecommonpeople.
(2)inwardcontradiction:
gainknowledgebyintuition,showsitsidealisticaspect.
R.W.Emerson(RalphWaldo)
Nature(1836):
theBibleofNewEnglandtranscendentalism
TheAmericanScholar(1837):
America'
sDeclarationofIntellectual
TheDivinitySchoolAddress神学院致辞(1838)
Essays(1841/1847)
RepresentativeMen(1850)
EnglishTraits(1856)
Poems(1847)
d.significance
(1)Heembodiedanewnation’sdesireandstruggletoassertitsownidentityinitsformativeperiod.
(2)hisstressonindividualism
Limitation:
self-centered,individual
HisideasinfluencealotofwriterssuchasDikinson,HawthorneandWhitman.
HenryDavidThoreau
AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRivers
康考德和梅里马克河上的一周(1849)
Walden,orLifeintheWoods(1854)
CivilDisobedience不服从论(1849,anaddress)
c.Walden
mainideas:
(1)onself-cultivationandhumanperfectibility,elevatedfromPuritanoriginalsin,believeininnervirtueandinwardlygrace
(2)criticismoncivilizationandcapitalism
(3)onlytruthandknowledgecan’tbetakenaway,trustinfutureandinman
Style:
pithy(colloquialsayings),vividdescription,symbolsandimages
NathanielHawthorne
Twice-ToldTales(1837):
acollectionofshortstories
MossesfromanOldManse古屋青苔(1846):
anothercollectionofshortstories
TheHouseoftheSevenGables七个尖角的阁楼(1851):
ontheeffectofacurse
TheScarletLetter(1850):
masterpiece
It’snotalovestory,tryingtoshowthemoral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectsofsinonhischaracters.
“A”:
Adultery-Able-Angel
“A”onchest:
sinner,confessed,died,showsanhonestman
Moral:
manshouldbetrueandhonestandreadytoshowone’sworsttotheworld(批评与自我批评)
HermanMelville
Typee(《泰比》1846)
Omoo(《奥穆》1847)
Mardi(《马尔迪》1847)
这三部作品描写塔希提群岛和马吉萨斯群岛以及他在岛上的奇遇。
Redburn(《莱德勃恩》1849):
描写了他的第一次航海经验以及在利物浦港贫民窟的见闻。
WhiteJacket(《白外套》1850):
根据他在美国海军军舰上服役时期的生活体验写成。
Pierre(《皮埃尔》1852)
IsraelPotter(《伊斯莱尔·
波特》1855):
historicalnovel
PiazzaTales(《广场故事》1856):
acollectionofshortstory
MobyDick(《白鲸》1851):
(1)awhalingbook:
anencyclopediaofwhaling/descriptionofawhaler’slife
(2)atragedyaboutmanfightingagainstuniverse(hostile)Maninthisuniverselivesameaninglessandfutilelife,meaninglessbecausefutile.
Mancanobserveandevenmanipulateinaprudentway,buthecannotinfluenceandovercomenatureatitssource.
(3)alienation异化:
betweenmanandman
betweenmanandsociety(ship)
betweenmanandnature
Ahabisthebestrepresentative.
Tohimtheworldexistsforhissake.Hisselfhoodmustbeassertedattheexpenseofallelse:
livesmaybesacrificed,andnaturemayhavetobevanquishedinorderthathemaydowhathewills.
RichardChasesays:
theideaMelvilleconveysinitis"
death---spiritual,emotional,physical"
.
(5)theme:
quest
(6)symbolism
thevoyage:
ametaphorfor"
searchanddiscovery,thesearchfortheultimatetruthofexperience"
thePequod皮阔德:
theshipoftheAmericansoul
theendeavorofthecrews:
themaniacalfanaticismofourwhitementalconsciousness"
MobyDick:
(manyinterpretations)thesymbolofnature
W.C.Bryant
theanalysisonToaWaterfowl致水鸟
Itisthe"
mostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage"
.(MatthewArnold)
Itisapoemofnatureinquatrainsrhyminginabab.
fromabirdanditsflighttoanordinarypersonandhiscourseoflife,thispoemconveysthateverythinginnatureisunderthebeneficenceandprotectionofthePower.
HenryWadsworthLongfellow
Theme:
idealizedlove,children,familyandfriendship
APsalmofLife
Thepoemisdividedinto9stanzas,eachcomposedoftwoiambictetrameterlinesandtwotrochaictrimeterlinesrhymingabab.
Thefirsttwostanzasrefutethepessimismthatlifeisbutadream,affirmingthecontrarythatlifeisreal.
Thefollowingstanzasurgethereadertoactinthepresentandtoleave"
footprints"
asgreatpeopledidinordertoinspirethefollowers.
Thelaststanzaendswitharesoundingnotewhileadmonishingpeopletolearntowaitaswellastolabor.
Realism(the19th-centuryliterarymovementthatreactedtoromanticismbyinsistingonafaithful,objectivepresentationofthedetailsofeverydaylife.)
features:
☐i.objectivedescription(concernforthecommonplace/thelow)
☐ii.criticismofsocietyandreality,exposingandcriticizingthesociety;
thewriters’dissatisfaction;
nolongereulogizehumanglority
☐iii.verisimilitude逼真性(truetodetails)
☐iv.influencedbybourgeois’中产阶级democraticideas(notoverthrowbutreform,changes)
☐v.reformative:
toreformthesociety,nottochangecompletely
☐features:
Naturalism(Apost-Darwinianmovementofthelate19thcenturythattriedtoapplythe"
laws"
ofscientificdeterminismtofiction.)isatheorywhichappliedscientificconceptsandmethodstosuchproblemsasplotdevelopmentandcharacterisation.
☐ComparisonbetweenRealismandNaturalism:
☐Realism.
☐i.objective
☐ii.creationoftypes
☐iii.influencedby
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