The Transformation of Texts an Analysis of Intertextuality in The Woman Warrior文档格式.docx
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The Transformation of Texts an Analysis of Intertextuality in The Woman Warrior文档格式.docx
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对这些技巧的研究有利于我们更深入的了解《女勇士》以及《女勇士》背后的写作意义。
本文依据德国学者普莱特的互文性理论着重分析《女勇士》中的互文本转化现象,从文本替换,文本添加,文本简化,文本重排以及文本复化等五个方面对《女勇士》中的互文性进行较为全面的分析,并揭示这些形式技巧背后的主题意义,从而推进对《女勇士》更加全面的理解。
关键词:
汤亭亭;
《女勇士》;
互文性;
Abstract:
TheWomanWarriorasoneofthemasterpiecesofMaxineHongKingston,anAmerican-bornChinese,hasbeenpaidmuchattentionsince1975.AsoneofthepostmodernnovelinAmerican,TheWomanWarriorcontainsanumberofpostmodernwritingskills.ThestudyofthoseskillshelpsustohaveafurtherunderstandingaboutTheWomanWarriorandthesignificantmotifmeaningbehindthefiction.BasedonthetheoryofintertextualityofPlett,focusedonanalysisofthemutualtransformationoftext,suchassubstitution,addition,subtraction,permutationandcomplexities,adeepcomprehensionandafurtherunderstandingofthewritingpurposewillbeachieved.
KeyWords:
MaxineHongKinston;
TheWomanWarrior;
intertextuality;
CONTENTS
1.Introduction………………………1
1.1.MaxineHongKingstonandTheWomanWarrior………………………1
1.2.LiteratureReview………………………2
1.3.TheResearchDirectionofThisPaper………………………7
2.OverviewofIntertextuality………………………9
2.1.IntertextualityTheoryinLiteraryStudy………………………9
2.2.Plett’sTransformationTheory………………………10
3.AdditionandSubtraction………………………11
3.1.DefinitionandApplicationofAdditiveTransformation………………………11
3.2.DefinitionandApplicationofSubtractiveTransformation………………………12
3.3.TheSimilaritybetweenAdditiveTransformationandSubtractiveTransformation………………………13
4.SubstitutionandComplexities………………………14
4.1.DefinitionandApplicationofSubstitutiveTransformation………………………14
4.2.DefinitionandApplicationofComplexityTransformation………………………15
4.3.TheSimilaritybetweenSubstitutionTransformationandComplexities………………………17
5.Permutation………………………18
6.Conclusion………………………20
References………………………21
TheTransformationofTexts:
AnAnalysisofIntertextualityinTheWomanWarrior
1.Introduction
1.1.MaxineHongKingstonandTheWomanWarrior
MaxineHongKingston,theauthorofTheWomanWarriorofaGirlhoodAmongGhostsandChineseAmericanauthorandProfessorEmeritaattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,haswrittenthreenovelsandseveralworksofnon-fictionabouttheexperiencesofChineseimmigrants’livingconditioninAmerica.TheWomanWarriorishermasterpiecediscussingaboutgenderandethnicity,inwhichKingstonblendsviews,memoryandChinesefolktaletogether.Throughoutthewholestory,KingstonmixesherrealisticlifewitholdChinesefolktales,atechniquethatcreatesacomplexdescriptionofthe20thcenturylivingconditionofChinese-Americans—livingintheshadowofU.S.AfterTheWomanWarriorwaspublished,itraisedheateddiscussionsandbecameoneofthemostpopularbooksforagenerationinAmerica.Besides,ithasbeenstudiedinseveralambitssuchasAmericanliterature,anthropology,Asianstudies,composition,education,psychology,sociology,andwomanstudy.In1970'
sKingstonwontheNationalBookCriticsCircleAwardandthebookwasnamedoneofthetopnonfictionbooksbyTimeMagazine.TheuniquecharacteristicofTheWomanwarrior,writtenbyaChinese-Americangirl,gainsmoreattentionfromdomesticandforeignscholars.
Thenovelconsistsoffivepartsorstories.“NoNameWoman”isastoryfromBraveOrchidabouther“no-name”sister-in-law.Shebecamepregnantafterherhusbandleftforseveralmonths.Allvillagers,includingherfamilies,thoughtshewasa“ghost”.Shebetrayedherhusband.Onenightwhenshewasgoingtogivebirthtoababy,theoutragedvillagersbrokeintoherhouseanddestroyedeverythingthere.Thenextmorning,shewasfoundinfamilywellwithhernew-bornchild.“WhiteTigers”isaboutapowerfulwomanwarriornamedFaMuLan.Whenshewasseven,shewasluredbyabirdtoamountaintopwhereshemettwoelderpeoplewhotaughttrainedhertobeawarrior.Thenshereturnedhome,joiningthearmyinsteadofherfather.Shewonthebattleandbecamethewarrior.Attheendofthestory,thenarratorexpressesherwishthatshewantstobeawarrioraswell.“Shaman”isthestoryofBraveOrchid.BeforeBraveOrchidwentaboardduringtheSecondWorldWar,shehadstudiedinHackettMedicalCollegeandthenbacktoherhomevillagebecameadoctoraftertwoyearsofstudy.Shewasarenowneddoctortravellingallaroundtodeliverbabies.Notwithstanding,shecouldnevergobacktoChina.Whenherdaughtervisitedher,afterseveralyearslater,shefinallyunderstoodherdaughter.“AttheWesternPalace”beganwithBraveOrchidintheairportpickinguphersister,MoonOrchid.BraveOrchidwantedhersistertoconfrontherhusbandandtoclaimherrightinLosangles.However,Moon’shusbandtoldherthathewantednothingtodowithher.AfterthatMoonOrchidwentcrazyanddiedtwoyearslater.“ASongforaBarbarianReedPipe”revealedthatnarrator’smothercuthertonguetobeabletospeakanylanguage.Butinschoolshekeptsilentforthreeyearsandcoveredallpaintingsinblack.Aftershecouldspeak,shebulliedagirlwhodidn’tspeak.Onenight,thenarratorletoutallthesecretsshehaskeptfromhermother.Shewouldnotmarrythementallyretardedboyandshewantedtobealumberjackandanewspaperreporter.Buthermotheronlyshoutedback,“HoChiKuei”,andthenleft.Thefinalpartof“ASongforaBarbarianReedPipe”wasastoryofYs’aiYen.ApoetcapturedbySouthernHsiung-nubarbarians,broughthersongbackfrombarbarianlandandlyricstranslatedwell.
1.2.LiteratureReview
ThereisnodoubtthatMaxineHongKingston,aChinese-Americanwriter,gainsagreatreputationfromherworkTheWomanWarrior.Inadditiontowinningpraisefrompublic,atthattime,everyyoungAmericanwoulduseasentenceinherbook.MaxineHongKingstonfocusesonthestudyofthemeandculture.TheypresentuswithdifferentcomprehensionsaboutKingston’smasterpieceandtheirstudiescanbedividedintotwoaspects.
WhenaskedaboutthereasonwhythisbookissofashionableamongyounggenerationinAmericansin1990s,Kingstonherselfputsitdowntoherexcellentabilityofweavingmorethan20“howto”experiencesintoonebook:
“howtolive”“howtobealive,”“hownottogiveup,”“howtounderstandoneanother,”“howtocutthroughsilences,”“howtobreakthroughblocksinpeoplesothatwecantrulycommunicatewithoneanother,”“howtokeepthefamilytogether(Xu,2006:
112).ZhangMin(2007),inanotheraspect,deemsthatalthoughTheWomanWarriorwasprevalentin20thcenturyandturnedanewpagefortheChinese-Americanliterature,itisjustapileofwords.KingstonjustputsallChinesestoriessheknowstogether.Inthechapterof“Shaman”,Kingston'
smotherwantstobuyagirlintheslavemarket.However,theslavesmarketsdepictedinthebookaremoresimilartothatmarketinAmericanhistorythantobethemarketinancientChina.ZhangbelievesthatinChinaatthattimeKingston'
smotherwouldnotbuyaservantinthatway.ItisallKingston'
sstereotypeofChineseculture.KingstonwasborninAmericaandallherChineseculturecamefromhermother'
sfragmentedmemories,themoviesofHongKongandTaiwanandtheHollywoodmovies.BoththemoviesofHongKongandtheHollywoodmoviesformanunrealandprejudicedChinaimageanddistortedChineseculture.ThatisthereasonwhyKingstoncanhardlybreakthemisunderstandingofChineseculture.Notwithstanding,basedonsomeevidences—bydescribingFaMuLangivingbirthtoasonwhenshejoinedthearmy,meetingwesternpeople'
sneedforromanticfeelings,byblendingthestoryofFaMuLanwithRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsandWaterMargin,satisfyingthecuriosityofwesternpeopleaboutChinesecultureandbydepictingthesituationthatafterthewarMuLantookoffherarmorandpromisedtoserveherfather-in-lawandmother-in-law,lettingwesternreadersconsideringalltheirimagesofChinaarecorrect,themisunderstandingmaybeanintentionalone.TheauthoraddssomeinterestingcontenttosatisfyWesternpeople'
sdesire(Cao&
Liu,2009).
Moreover,Jin(2011)standsagainsttheconceptofmisunderstanding,believingthatthemasterpieceofKingstonisnotaworkofculturalmisunderstandingbutaconsciousexplorationoftheraceandethnicitybetweenChinaandAmerica.ForChin'
scritiquethat“KingstonisawriterwhousesherpersonalexperiencetoflatterAmericanmainstreamculturebyplayingdownChinesecultureandthecharacteristicofChinese-American”(qtd.inChin,1991),Jin(2011)usesthestoryofthe“WhiteTigers”asanexampletoprovethatKingstoninthischapternotonlysimplyempowersAsian-AmericanwomenbutalsointertwinestheracereligionsinColdWarAmerica.Besides,KingstoneffortlesslyputsWaterMargin,RomanceoftheThreeKingdomsandthestoryofMaoTse-tungtogether,thus,makingthestoryofFaMuLanappealingandpowerful(He,2005).
Yan(2013)pointoutthatTheWomanWarriorhasthestrongculturalconflictandmarginalizationwhicharebetterdefinedas“TheThirdSpaces"
.Thetermof"
TheThirdSpace"
isanin-betweenspacewherethepoliticalconstructionisneithertheonenortheother(qtd.inBhabha,1994:
25).ByusingthetheoryofBhabha,Yan(2013)believesthatKingstonistorturedbydualdiscriminationfromboththemisogynisticChinesecultureandthehegemonicAmericanculture.Theoldsayings,“girlsaremaggotsintherice”and“itismoreprofitabletoraisegeesethandaughters,”alwaysbotheredherwhenshewa
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