现在分词的用法学案设计.docx
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现在分词的用法学案设计.docx
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现在分词的用法学案设计
现在分词的用法学案设计(人教版英语高考复习
Ⅰ现在分词的定义
现在分词是动词的另一种形式。
它兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征,可以带宾语或受状语修饰。
现在分词和宾语或状语一起构成现在分词短语。
Ⅱ现在分词的形式
分词有现在分词和过去分词两类。
过去分词只要一种形式,而现在粉刺有时态和语态。
以动词finish为例,过去分词只要一种形式即finished, 而现在分词则有四种形式。
现在分词由分及物动词的现在分词和不及物的现在分词。
以finish, come为例:
语态主动语态被动语态
时态一般式完成式一般式完成式
现在分词(及物)finishinghaving finishedbeing finishedhaving been finished
现在分词(不及物)cominghaving come
○1分词分为现在分词和过去分词,其否定形式为not+分词。
现在分词有一般式和完成式。
一般式用来指和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为;完成式(having+过去分词)用来指在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。
如:
Being a student, he was interested in books.
Having studied in university for 3 years, he knows the way very well.
○2现在分词有一般式和完成式,且有主动语态和被动语态。
当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时,分词用被动语态;如果强调分词的动作先于谓语的动作,就用分词完成式的被动形式。
如:
The question being discussed is important.
Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.
Ⅲ现在分词及其短语的句法功能
一般来讲,现在分词语法功能与过去分词相当,可在句中作定语、表语、补语、状语。
1.作定语
单个分词作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之前(也有少数例外,如concerned, invited);分词短语作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之后;其作用相当于一个定语从句,并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系(这是区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的判断方法之一)。
eg. a running boy =a boy who is running the girl standing there = a girl who is standing there
The man standing by the windows is our teacher.
The excited people rushed into the building.
The working people are the wisest.
The farmers working here are very busy.
He moved away from his parents, and missed them so much to enjoy the exciting life in New York.他搬走了离开了父母,结果异常想念他们以致于无法享受纽约激动人心的生活。
Those sitting in the front were all our foreign guests.那些坐在前面的人都是我们的外国来宾。
★能前置的现在分词为数不太多,常见的大都是已被形容词化了的现在分词,前常有程度副词,有些现在分词甚至还有比较等级。
e.g.:
I have brought very exciting news to you.
This is the most exciting story that I have ever read.
★现在分词作定语时,要注意分词所表示的动作发生的时间,一般来说,主要有下面两种情况:
○1表示进行的动作,这些现在分词若改为定语从句宜用进行时态。
Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise?
= Did you tell the children who were playing there not to make any noise?
The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.
=The American president who is visiting China now will return on Saturday.
People often hear singing happily. =She was often heard singing happily.人们常常听到她欢快地唱歌。
○2表示经常性、习惯性的动作或现在(或当时)的状态,此类现在人词若改为定语从句宜用一般时态,而不宜用进行时态。
Running water was never stale.流水不腐。
This was the factory making silk cloth.这就是那个生产丝绸的工厂。
They stayed at a hotel standing (which stood) by the lake.
The temple standing (that stood)on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.
上述两种情况都可以改为相应的定语从句。
但表示某一具体时间发生的情况,一般不宜用现在分词做定语。
★如下句子不宜改为分词短语作定语:
The man who came to ask for me this morning was my brother’s friend. 今天早上来找我的那个人是我哥哥的朋友。
Was there anyone who can answer this question?
有人能回答这个问题吗?
注意:
现在分词作定语时表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。
如果两个动作有先有后,一般不能用现在分词作定语,而要用定语从句。
如:
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.
注意1:
分词的完成时不可作定语。
注意2:
在message, letter, sign, news, notice等词后要用现在分词作定语,不用过去分词,这是考试的易错点。
注意3:
某些现在分词作定语时,已不再表示动作,已经从分词变为了形容词词性:
eg. an interesting story,an exciting match这些也可以属于现在分词作定语,但是不能转化为相应的定语从句,但是可以有三级变化(原级、比较级、最高级)和被某些副词如very修饰。
2.作表语
分词作表语时,一般表示主语的特征、性质。
现在分词表示“令人/使人……”,一般修饰事物;过去分词表示“感到……”,常修饰人。
The story he told to us was very interesting.
I am interested in the story he told me.
3.作补语
○1现在分词可用作补语(主补、宾补),强调动作的进行或状态;过去分词则表示完成或被动。
Soon steam can be seen coming out of the liquid.不久,就能看到气体从液体中逸出。
If I catch you doing it again, I won’t let you go.如果再让我抓住你这么做的话,我就不讳放过你的。
(宾补)
★现在分词常可用在see, watch, catch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, have等后面作宾语补足语。
He kept us waiting for a whole hour.他让我们等了整整一小时。
We found him very amusing.我们觉得他很有趣。
If you have difficulty, I will have some people help you.如果你有困难,我会让你帮助你的。
Don’t have the child standing in the sun.不要让孩子一直站在太阳底下。
He had his wallet stolen yesterday.昨天他的钱包丢了。
○2在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后,既可用现在分词构成复合宾语,也可用不定式构成复合宾语。
两者的差别在于:
用现在分词,表示动作正在发生或进行,其含义相当于进行时态;用不定式时表示动作已经发生,动作的过程已经结束。
We saw the teacher making the experiment.
I saw him put on his coat and walk out.我看到了他穿上大衣走了出去。
When I entered the room, I saw him trying on the new coat.我进房间时看到他在试穿大衣。
We watched the game for a long while.我们观看比赛好长一段时间。
○3现在分词作宾补时,结构变成被动语态时位置以及形式不变。
不定式作宾补变成被动语态时,则要加不定式符号to.
We were kept waiting for a whole hour. 我们等了整整一个小时。
He was seen to put on his coat and walk out.有人看见他穿上大衣出去了。
○4“have+宾语+现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事;“have+宾语+过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。
如:
He had his clothes washed.(他叫别人洗了衣服。
)
We had the fire burning all day.(我们使火燃烧了一整天。
)
4.作状语
现在分词或分词短语作状语时,可以在句中充当让步、时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随或方式等状语。
(表示让步、时间、原因、条件可扩展为相应的从句;伴随或方式可改写为并列谓语。
)也可以跟名词代词结合构成独立结构作状语。
现在分词短语可作状语,表示原因、时间、方式、伴随情况、结果或条件等。
○1相当于原因状语从句。
Being lonely, she decided to visit a friend.因为孤单,她决定去拜访一个朋友。
Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)
Being ill, she stayed at home.
So many directors being absent, the board meeting had to be put off.由于很多董事缺席,董事会会议只好推迟。
★如果现在分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,就需要用完成形式。
Not having received any reply, she wrote again.由于没有收到回信,她又写了一封
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