孔子Word文档格式.docx
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孔子Word文档格式.docx
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INPARTIALFULFILLMENTOF
THEREQUIREMENTSFORTHECOURSE
HI101
HISTORYOFCIVILIZATIONI
BY
TONYDUAN
BOX500087CK
SAIPAN,MARIANASPACIFIC
26NOVEMBER2012
Pledge
Inthispaper,everyOPINIONfromsomeoneelsehasbeenindicatedbyareferencenumberplacedattheendofthatinformation.Irealizethatthemerepresenceofareferencenumberdoesnotavoidplagiarism.IfIhaveusedtheexactwords,phrases,clauses,orsentencesofsomeoneelse,Ihaveenclosedthatinformationinquotationmarks.IfIhaveparaphrasedtheopinionsofsomeoneelse,Ihavenotenclosedtheparaphraseinquotationmarks;
butIhavestatedthoseopinionsinmyownwords.Ihavealsointroducedtheparaphraseandputareferencenumberattheendofit.
AllFACTUALINFORMATION(commonknowledgeoruncontestedknowledge),thoughnotcreditedwithareferencenumber,hasbeenstatedinmysentencestructure.Ihavenotusedanyoneelse’sorganizationofthefacts.
Thispaperismyownwork.Noonehashelpedmeinthepreparationorwritingofthispaper.
Signed:
TonyDuan
Confucius
Thesis:
ConfuciusisagreatmaninChina’shistory.
I.ThelifeofConfucius
A.TheearlylifeofConfucius
B.ThepoliticallifeofConfucius
C.ThelaterperiodofConfucius
II.TheteachingofConfucius
A.TheintroductionofConfucianism
B.TheCreedofConfucius
C.Thedevelopmentoftraditions
III.TheinfluenceofConfucius
A.TheinfluenceofConfuciusonChina’shistory
TheinfluenceofConfuciusonothercountries’history
Confuciusisawell-knownChinesephilosopher.HehadagreatinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthecivilizationofChina.MostofhisteachingshadaprofoundimpactonthehistoryofChinabothinthepastandeventoday.Peoplestillviewedhimasagreatpersonbeinghonoredandrespected.TheideasthathedevelopedmadeahugedifferenceinthehistoryofChina.Thus,ConfuciuswasagreatmaninChina’shistory.
ConfuciuswasknowninChineseas“KongZi”,andhewasborninthestateofLu,duringthesecondhalfZhouDynastyaround551-479B.C.Hisfatherdiedsincehewasyoung,andhehadapoorlife;
however,throughhardlabortootherrichfamilies,hegotagoodeducation.Whenhegrewup,helearnttoexercisethetraditionsfromtheoriginalZhouDynasty.Sincehewasyoung,helovedknowingtheritualsofsacrifices.Heobtainedagoodknowledgeofritualsinthattime,andthispracticemightbethereasonthathehadahighlyviewontheimportanceofritualsinthelatertime.Inhisearlyageexperiences,hedevelopedgoodcharactersandvirtuesaswell.
Notlongafterthat,Confuciuswasappointedasalowofficeringovernmentinhismiddleage.Inhispoliticalperiod,hedidgivemanyhelpfuladvicestothePrinceofLu,theactwhichhelpedthePrincetobeapowerfulruler.Atthistime,Confuciuslivedabetterlife,andhestartedtodevelophisphilosophy.Soon,Confuciusfoundthatthereareseriouscorruptionswasgoingoninthegovernment,hewasdisappointedwiththesituationsthathappenedinthegovernment.Heresignedfromthegovernmentandstartedtoteachinprivatestudyingplaces.Atthistime,herealizedthattheonlythingthathecandowastoeducatetherightthoughtstoyoungpeople.Hebegantogatherstudentsandpreparetoteach;
becauseofhisgoodreputationinthestateofLu,manypeoplecomeandfollowhim.Confuciusdonatedalargeamountoftimeinhisteachingcareerfromthenon.
Duringhisteachingtime,hegotfewfavoritestudents;
hewaspleasedwiththeirdiligentworkaswell.Sadly,intheadvancedyearsofConfucius,hisonlysonandoneofthemostfavoritestudentsdiedaboutthattime.Hehadunhappydaysincethen,andhefoundnogovernmentwouldsupporthisideasontheissuesofrunningagovernment.Confuciusdiedin479B.C.SomeofhisstudentsgatheredhisteachingsandsayingsinacollectionknownasLunyu(Analects).
Inthelatertime,theteachingofConfuciussoonspreadout,manyofhisteachingswasbeingaccepted.ThephilosophythatConfuciusheldeventuallystrengthenedasConfucianism.Peoplestartedtoviewmoreonhisteaching,andtheythinkConfuciuswasawiseandcourageousman.“Ren”,“Yi”and“Li”werethethreefundamentalconceptsthatConfuciusintroducedingeneral.Chinesepeopletodaystillviewthosethreeconceptsastheimportantprinciplesofdailyliving.“Ren”means“benevolence”or“humaneness”,anditisthebasisofallothervirtues.Healsodevelopedapracticalgolden.ItisalsosimilartowhatBibletaughtthatweshouldloveothers.Anauthorstated“He[Confucius]believedthatRenwouldbeputintoactionusingtheGoldenRule,‘Whatyoudonotwishforyourself,donotdotoothers.’(Lunyu12.2,6.30).”Anotherword“Li”means“rituals”or“ceremonies”.ThiswordshowedthatConfuciushadviewceremoniesveryimportant.“Yi”means“righteousnessorbeing
proper”.Thesethreevirtuesthenbecamethebasiccharactersofpeople.
ThecreedofConfucianismiscenteredontheideasof“Ren”,“Li”,and“Yi”threevirtuesaswell.Hetaughthisstudentsthattheyshouldfocusonasingledoctrineofhisteachingdeeplywhenevertheystudy.Heneverviewedhimselfasthecreatorofthesetraditionalwisesayingsandthecivilizationalthoughts,butasatransmitterofthem.ThetraditionsthatConfuciusdevelopedhadinfluencedChineseforcenturies.Variousformsofteachingsdevelopedlaterfollowedtheconceptsandpatternthathehadsetatthattime.ThetraditionsthatConfuciushadleftisstillusingtoday.Forexample,theexaminationofgoingtoschoolorenteringtogovernmentisstillusedasastandard.Throughtheseteachingsandtraditions,Confuciuswantedtocivilizethestudentsto“gentlemen”andgovernmenttoaself-disciplinedsystem.HisteachingshadanenormouslyinfluenceontheprogressofChina.HeisprobablythemostimportantpersoninChina’shistory
TheinfluenceofConfuciustoChina’shistoryisbeyonddoubt.Histeachingshadguidedmanyillustriousthinkersfollowedhimaswell.Manyofhisstudentshadimportantpositionsintheeducationalfield.HehadcreatedaclassofConfucianscholarstobethemostpowerfulmenintheempire.HisfollowersMenciusandXunziarealsorenownedfortheirteachingandthinking.TheteachingofConfuciusaboutthehumanvirtueandtechniquesofteachingpeopleethicallyandmorallyisstillmeaningfultotheeducatorsnowadays,andithadbecomeapartofChinesecultureaswell.AlthoughConfuciusdidnotwriteanybookatonecouldfindtoday,histeachingshadpassedintoChineseculture.HeisthemostinfluentialpersoninChina’shistory.
Ontheotherhand,theinfluenceofConfuciushadalsoimpressedontheothercountries’history.ThefamouswriterJamesLTysonalsostatedinhisarticle“ManysurroundingAsiancountrieshaveadoptedaspectsofChineseculture,includingConfucianism.”ScholarsindifferentcountriescanfindtherecordsofConfuciusortheteachingofConfuciuseffortlesslyintheirhistory.WilliamDurantstatedthatOneofthegreatJapaneseConfucian,OgyuSorai,oncemadethestatement:
“alltheJapanese,hesaid,explicitlyincludinghimself,werebarbarians;
onlytheChinesewerecivilized;
and‘ifthereisanythingthatoughttobesaid,ithasalreadybeensaidbytheancientkingsorConfucius.’”Certainly,itistruethatthephilosophyofConfuciushadagreatimpacttoothercountriescivilizationsandhistory.
Inconclusion,ConfuciuswasaremarkablemaninChina’shistory.
Hecontributedcountlesspreciousteachingsandsayingstothegenerationsafterhimthroughhislife.HisstandhadagreatinfluenceonthedevelopmentofChinesecivilizationandmadecrucialchangesinChina’shistory.
Bibliography
Biotruestories,ConfuciusBiography,Biotruestories,(accessedonNov2,2012).
Chodorow,Stanley.MacgergorKnox,andConradSchirokauer,TheStreamofCivilization(Australia:
TedBucholze,1969),570-571.
Confucius."
Microsoft®
Student2007[DVD].Redmond,WA:
MicrosoftCorporation,2006.
DavidfromSeeraaInternational,GeneralIntroductionofConfuciusinBrief,SerraaIntl,spirituality/confucius.html(assessedonOct20,2012).
Durant,Will.TheStoryofCivilization1:
OurOrientalHeritage(NewYork:
TheHaddonCradrsmen,INC.1963)873.
FamousPeople,Confucius,FamousPeople,(accessedNov.12,2012).
Michael,Collins.ConfuciusBiography,WorldBiography,(assessedOct18,2012).
Tyson,JamesL.TheLegacyofConfucius,TheChristianScienceMonitor,(assessedonNov13,2012).
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