GRAMMARCOURSEWord下载.docx
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GRAMMARCOURSEWord下载.docx
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EmotionVerbs
tolike,tolove,tohate,todislike,tofear,toenvy,tomind...
Heisherenow.
Correct
Heisbeingherenow.
NotCorrect
Hewantsadrinknow.
Heiswantingadrinknow.
GroupIIIMixedVerbs
Thethirdgroup,called"
MixedVerbs"
isthesmallestgroup.Theseverbshavemorethanonemeaning.Somemeaningsbehavelike"
whileothermeaningsbehavelike"
ContinuousVerbs."
MixedVerbs
tohave,toappear,tosee,tohear,tofeel,toweigh,tolook...
ListofMixedVerbswithExamplesandDefinitions:
toappear:
Donnaappearsconfused.
Non-continuousVerb
(Donnaseemsconfused.)
Myfavoritesingerisappearingatthejazzclubtonight.
ContinuousVerb
(Myfavoritesingerisgivingaperformanceatthejazzclubtonight.)
tohave:
Ihaveadollarnow.
(Ipossessadollar.)
Iamhavingfunnow.
(Iamexperiencingfunnow.)
tohear:
Shehearsthemusic.
(Shehearsthemusicwithherears.)
Sheishearingvoices.
ContinuousVerb
(Tohearsomethingotherscannothear.Sheishearingvoicesinhermind.)
tomiss:
JohnmissesSally.
(Heissadbecausesheisnotthere.)
DebbieismissingherfavoriteTVprogram.
(Sheisnottheretoseeherfavoriteprogram.)
tosee:
Iseeher.
(Iseeherwithmyeyes.)
Iamseeingthedoctor.
(Tovisitorconsultwithadoctor,dentist,orlawyer.)
Iamseeingher.
(Iamhavingarelationshipwithher.)
Heisseeingghostsatnight.
(Toseesomethingotherscannotsee.Forexampleghosts,aura,avisionofthefutureetc.)
tosmell:
Thecoffeesmellsgood.
(Thecoffeehasagoodsmell.)
Iamsmellingtheflowers.
(Iamsniffingtheflowers.)
totaste:
Thecoffeetastesgood.
(Thecoffeehasagoodtaste.)
Iamtastingthecake.
(Iamtryingthecaketoseewhatittasteslike.)
tothink:
Hethinksthetestiseasy.
(Heconsidersthetesttobeeasy.)
Sheisthinkingaboutthequestion.
(Sheisponderingthequestion,goingoveritinhermind.)
toweigh:
Thetableweighsalot.
(Thetablehasagreatweight.)
Sheisweighingherself.
(Sheisdeterminingherweight.)
SomeVerbsCanBeEspeciallyConfusing:
tobe:
JoeisAmerican.
(JoeisanAmericancitizen.)
JoeisbeingveryAmerican.
(JoeisbehavinglikeastereotypicalAmerican.)
Joeisbeingveryrude.
(Joeisbehavingveryrudely.Usuallyheisnotrude.)
Joeisbeingveryformal.
(Joeisbehavingveryformally.Usuallyheisnotformal.)
NOTICE:
Onlyrarelyis"
tobe"
usedinacontinuousform.Thisismostcommonlydonewhenapersonistemporarilybehavingbadlyorstereotypically.Itcanalsobeusedwhensomeone'
sbehaviorisnoticeablydifferent.
tofeel:
Themassagefeelsgreat.
(Themassagehasapleasingfeeling.)
Idon'
tfeelwelltoday.
ContinuousorNon-continuousVerb
Iamnotfeelingwelltoday.
(Iamalittlesick.)
Feelisveryflexibleandthereisnodifferenceinmeaninginthetwosentencesabove.)
Active/PassiveVerbForms
Sentencescanbeactiveorpassive.Therefore,tensesalsohave"
ActiveForms"
and"
PassiveForms"
.YoumustlearntorecognizethedifferencetosuccessfullyspeakEnglish.
ACTIVEFORM
Inactivesentences,thethingdoingtheactionisthesubjectofthesentenceandthethingreceivingtheactionistheobject.Mostsentencesareactive.
[Thingdoingaction]+[VERB]+[thingreceivingaction]
EXAMPLES:
The
professor
teaches
the
students.
(subject)
(activeverb)
(object)
(doingaction)
(receivingaction)
John
washes
dishes.
(receivingaction)
PASSIVEFORM
Insomesentences,speakersusethepassiveform.Inthepassiveform,thethingreceivingtheactionisthesubjectofthesentenceandthethingdoingtheactionisoptionallyincludedattheendofthesentence.Youcanusethepassiveformifyouthinkthethingreceivingtheactionismoreimportantorshouldbeemphasized.
[Thingreceivingaction]+[BE]+[pastparticipleofverb]+[by]+[thingdoingaction]
students
are
taught
by
professor.
(passiveverb)
(receivingaction)
(doingaction)
dishes
washed
byJohn.
SimplePresent
FORMSimplePresent
EXAMPLE:
[torun]
Irun
yourun
heruns
sheruns
itruns
werun
theyrun
USE1RepeatedActions
UsetheSimplePresenttoexpresstheideathatanactionisrepeatedorusual.Theactioncanbeahabit,ahobby,adailyevent,ascheduledeventorsomethingthatoftenhappens.Itcanalsobesomethingapersonoftenforgetsorusuallydoesnotdo.
Iplaytennis.
Shedoesnotplaytennis.
Thetrainleaveseverymorningat8am.
Thetraindoesnotleaveat9am.
Shealwaysforgetsherpurse.
Heneverforgetshiswallet.
Everytwelvemonths,theEarthcirclesthesun.
ThesundoesnotcircletheEarth.
USE2FactsorGeneralizations
TheSimplePresentcanalsoindicatethespeakerbelievesthatafactwastruebefore,istruenow,andwillbetrueinthefuture.Itisnotimportantifthespeakeriscorrectaboutthefact.Itisalsousedtomakegeneralizationsaboutpeopleorthings.
Catslikemilk.
Birdsdonotlikemilk.
CaliforniaisinAmerica.
CaliforniaisnotintheUnitedKingdom.
Windowsaremadeofglass.
Windowsarenotmadeofwood.
NewYorkisasmallcity.(Itisnotimportantthatthisfactisuntrue.)
USE3Now(Non-ContinuousVerbs)
SometimesspeakersusetheSimplePresenttoexpresstheideathatanactionishappeningorisnothappeningnow.ThiscanonlybedonewithNon-continuousVerbsandcertainMixedVerbs.
Iamherenow.
Sheisnotherenow.
Heneedshelprightnow.
Hedoesnotneedhelpnow.
Hehasacar.
ACTIVE/PASSIVESimplePresent
Onceaweek,Tomcleansthecar.ACTIVE
Onceaweek,thecariscleanedbyTom.PASSIVE
PresentContinuous
FORMPresentContinuous
[AM/IS/ARE]+[VERB+ing]
IamwatchingTV.
Heisquicklylearningthelanguage.
NOTE:
WhenyouareusingaverbtensewithmorethanonepartsuchasPresentContinuous(islearning),adverbsoftencomebetweenthefirstpartandthesecondpart(isquicklylearning).
USE1Now
UsethePresentContinuouswithContinuousVerbstoexpresstheideathatsomethingishappeningnow,atthisverymoment.Itcanalsobeusedtoshowthatsomethingisnothappeningnow.
YouarelearningEnglishnow.
Youarenotswimmingnow.
Iamsitting.
Iamnotstanding.
Theyarereadingtheirbooks.
Theyarenotwatchingtelevision.
Whatareyoudoing?
Whyaren'
tyoudoingyourhomework?
USE2LongerActionsinProgressNow
InEnglish,nowcanmean"
thissecond,"
"
today,"
thismonth,"
thisyear,"
thiscentury"
andsoon.SometimesweusethePresentContinuoustosaythatweareintheprocessofdoingalongeractionwhichisinprogress;
however,wemightnotbedoingitatthisexactsecond.
(Allofthesesentencescanbesaidwhileeatingdinnerinarestaurant.)
Iamstudyingtobecomeadoctor.
Iamnotstudyingtobecomeadentist.
IamreadingthebookTomSawyer.
Iamnotreadinganybooksrightnow.
Areyouworkingonanyspecialprojectsatwork?
Aren'
tyouteachingattheUniversitynow?
USE3NearFuture
Sometimes,speakersusethePresentContinuoustoindicatethatsomethingwillorwillnothappeninthenearfuture.
Iammeetingsomefriendsafterwork.
Iamnotgoingtothepartytonight.
Ishevisitinghisparentsnextweekend.
Isn'
thecomingwithustonight.
USE4RepetitionandIrritationwith"
Always"
ThePresentContinuouswithwords
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