governance in CBNRMWord格式.docx
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governance in CBNRMWord格式.docx
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FordFoundationthroughPLAASandGTZHararethroughIUCNROSAfundedthecourse
Thecourseobjectiveswereto:
oTraingovernmentandotheragencystaffinconceptualandpracticalskillsinrelationtothegovernanceaspectsofCBNRM
oProvideinformationoncomparativeexperiencesofCBNRMpolicyandpracticeinsouthernAfrica
oDiscussanddebatekeyissuesofCBNRMpolicyandpracticeinasouthernAfricancontext
oProvideaforumforgovernment,NGOstaffandprivatesectortoshareexperiencesanddiscusscollaborativeactivitiesandcross-sectorallinkagesaimedatfacilitatingintegratedapproachestosustainablecommunityresourcemanagement
Thecoursetookathematicandsectoralapproachwithinthecontextofnaturalresourcesandlivelihoods.Experiencesweredrawnfromthefollowingsectors:
oWildlife
oForestry
oFisheries
oRangelands
oTourism
Themesincludedthefollowingcomponents:
oConceptualaspects:
governance,powerrelations,tenureandresourcerights,scale,genderrelations,
oLocalinstitutionsandresourcemanagement:
formalandinformalinstitutions;
legalentities;
traditionalauthorities
oEnterprisedevelopmentandcommunity-public-privatesectorpartnerships
oDecentralisation,devolutionandlocalareaplanning
oConflictmanagement
oCapacitydevelopmentandempowerment
oCulture,meaningandstrugglesoverresources
Structureofreport
Thereportisdividedaccordingtodaysessionsinwhichspecificinputsandactivitiesareoutlinedanddiscussed.Issuesthataroseduringthecourseareincludedinthespecificsectionswheretheywerediscussed.Attheendofeachday,thereisasummaryofparticipants’evaluations.ThefinancialreportisprovidedasAnnex1.
DayOne
UnderstandingwhatCBNRMis,overviewofCBNRMintheregion,theevolutionofnaturalresourcemanagementinsouthernAfrica
Activity1:
WhatisCBNRM?
Thiswasthefirstactivityofthecourse.ItprovidedthefoundationforpeopletodiscussandexchangetheirexperiencesofCBNRMandtoworkingroupstocreatepostersthatexpressedwhatisinvolvedinCBNRM.Thepostershighlightedkeyprinciples,differentactorsandtheirrolesandrelationshipsinaction.
Intheproceedinggallerywalkafterthegroupwork,keyideasandprincipleswerediscussedandtheseformedthebasisforthecourse.Thefollowingideaswerediscussed:
oRoleofthestateinCBNRMinitiatives
oCooperativegovernanceofnaturalresources(co-governance)
oLocalareaplanning
oGrouprulesandwhoenforcessuchrules
oInstitutionalcapacity
oNegotiatinginitiatives
oNaturalresourcesandconflicts
ThegroupsalsodiscussedkeyprinciplesinCBNRM.Thesewere:
oPolicyandlegislation
oSustainabilityofnaturalresourceuseandmanagementactivities
oDecisionmaking-whereitislocatedandhowitiscarriedout
oParticipation-concretearrangementsorcommunitiesjust‘sittingonthetable’
oBenefitssharing
oGenderdynamicsinnaturalresourceuseandmanagement
oNaturalresourcetenure-whereauthorityislocatedinrelationtotheactualusersanddefactomanagersoftheresources
Thegroupspointedoutthatitisdifficulttodefinewhatacommunityis.
Input1:
CBNRMinsouthernAfrica:
ahistoricaloverview
JamesMurombedzi
ThisinputdiscussedtheevolutionofCBNRMinsouthernAfricafromfortressconservationtocommunityconservation.CBNRMwasplacedwithincommunityconservation.ThishighlightedtheprincipleshiftsinthinkingandpracticeofconservationandCBNRM.
Fortressconservation
oThiswasacolonialprojecthighlightingthevaluesandattitudesofthecolonialera
oAdoptedafencesandfinesapproach,separatingcommunitiesfromthenaturalresourcebase
oEstablishedreserves/protectedareastoexcludelocalcommunitiesfromusingnaturalresources
oWasatop-downapproach
oEstablishmentofsectoralcontroldepartments-forestry,fisheries,wildlife
Fortressconservationfailedtoachieveitsobjectivespromptingthoseimplementingittolookforalternatives.Thisledtotheevolutionofcommunityconservation.
CommunityConservation
oTwinobjectivesincludedachievingconservationobjectivesofthesectoraldepartmentsanddevelopmentofcommunities
oDevelopmentobjectivesencouragedcommunityparticipationinthemanagementofnaturalresourcesthereforewaspeoplecentred
oBuiltonlocalknowledgeandpractice
oEmphasiseddecentralisationanddevolutionofmanagementauthority
oPrinciplesofsustainabledevelopment
Activity2:
ThegovernancedimensionsofCBNRM
SectoralcasestudiesfromMalawi,MozambiqueandZimbabwe
ThisactivitylookedatcasestudiesthathighlightedthegovernancedimensionsofCBNRM.CasestudiesincludedwildlifeinZimbabwe,fisheriesmanagementinMalawiandforestryinMozambique.ThisactivitycomparedthegovernanceframeworksshapingselectedCBNRMinitiativesfromtheabovesectors.
Participantsdiscussedthetypesofgovernancearrangementsrangingfromstate-centred,authoritarian,technocraticcontrolthroughto‘democratic’localcontrolandmanagementofnaturalresources.
Governanceframeworks:
oGuidethenatureoftherelevanttechnicalandsocio-economicplanningprocesses
oDeterminethenatureoftheparticipationofresourceusersandotherstakeholders
oProvideguidelinesforthedistributionofeconomicbenefits,and,
oShapethepoliticalcharacteroftheprocess
MalawiFisheries
MafanisoHara
ThisinitiativewasstartedasaresultofdecliningfishresourcesinLakeMalombe/UpperShireRiver.Thegovernancestructuresincludedputtingtogetheraco-managementstructureinvolvingallthestakeholdersinvolvedinfisheriesmanagement.
Governanceproblemsassociatedwiththiscasewere:
oAmbiguousandunclearlaw
oRetentionof‘absolute’controlbythestate(thereforenoco-managementinpractice)
oPowerstrugglesatalocallevelleadingtoorganisationalconflicts
oLocalelitecaptureinsteadofaclearparticipatoryapproachbyallinvolved
MozambiqueForestry
IsildaNhantumbo
Governanceaspectsbeingguidedbyanewlegalframeworkthatemphasisesdevolutionofmanagementauthoritytolocalcommunities.Eventhoughthelegalframeworkisclear,participantspointedoutthattherewereparallelinstitutionalactorsatalocallevelwhosemanagementresponsibilitiesoverlapped.Thisleadstopoorcoordinationofinitiatives.
Legalinstrumentsregardingdevolutionofauthorityandempowermentoflocalinstitutionsshouldbecoupledwithmechanismstominimiseconflictsbetweenthevariouslocalinstitutions.
Zimbabwewildlife
KefasiNyikahadzoi
EvolutionofCBNRMincludedtheWINDFALLprogrammethatgavelimitedbenefitstocommunities.Costsoflivingwithwildlifewerestillgreaterthatthebenefitsderivedfromtheprogrammehenceitfailed.
CAMPFIRE
oDecentralisingmanagementauthoritytoRuralDistrictCouncils(RDCs)whomanageresourcesonbehalfofcommunities
oThelongtermaimistodevolveauthoritytocommunityinstitutions
oRevenuedistributioncurrentlystipulatingapercentagetoRDCs
oRDCsunwillingtodevolveauthoritytolocallevelinstitutions
Input2:
TenureandGovernanceinCBNRM
BenCousins
oTenure-arrangementsforholdingandusinglandandotherresources,referstobundlesofrightsandduties.
oTenureandpropertybothrefertorightsandduties
oPropertysystems-private,state,openaccessandcommonproperty
oSecurityoftenure-importantforsustainabilityoflivelihoods
CommonPropertytheory
oMainstreamandemergingviews
oMainstream–clearboundariestoexcludeoutsiders;
setsofrules;
constitutional,collectivechoice;
ideallysmall,stableandhomogenous
oEmergingviews-multiplesocialidentities;
multipleusecreatingvariableboundaries;
strategicopportunisticactions;
negotiation,contestation,coordination;
multiplesocialidentities
Governance
oInvolvespowerrelations,levelsofgovernment,issuesoflegitimacy,accountability,competence
oDecentralisation,deconcentrationandprivatisation-upwardaccountability
oDevolution-accountabilitydownwards
oBalancingbetweentop-downandbottom-up;
essentialsinclude:
substantialresources,substantialpowersandaccountability
DayOneParticipantevaluations
DayOneobjectives
▪Tointroduceparticipantsandcreateanrelaxedlearningenvironment
▪ToprovideanintroductiontoCBNRMandhowithasdevelopedinsouthernAfrica
▪Tointroducecasestudiesfromthefisheries,forestryandwildlifesectorsandanalysetheirgovernancedimensions
▪Tointroducekeytenureconceptsandhighlightgovernancelinkages
Weretheseobjectivesmet?
Pleasecomment
Yes!
Therewasarelaxedlearningenvironment
Yesbutalotwascoveredintheday--limitedintake.
Yes.Wellorganised,presented,facilitated,focused.
Yes.Buttherewasnotenoughtime.
Yes.Thougharelaxedlearningenvironmentwasnotcreated.
Partly.Notenoughtimetoabsorbconceptsanddebateon.
Yes.Except
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