考研英语试题及答案Word格式文档下载.docx

考研英语试题及答案Word格式文档下载.docx

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smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend

tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell

cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen

toitoftenenough.

Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit

tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan

newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay

explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells—wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot

oftheusualsmellofourownhouse,butwe

newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors

forunfamiliarandemergencysignals

thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.

1.[A]although

[B]as

[C]but（C）

[D]while

2.[A]above

[B]unlike

[C]excluding（B）

[D]besides

3.[A]limited

[B]committed

[C]dedicated（A）

[D]confined

4.[A]catching

[B]ignoring

[C]missing（C）

[D]tracking

5.[A]anyway

[B]though

[C]instead（B）

[D]therefore

6.[A]evenif

[B]ifonly

[C]onlyif（A）

[D]asif

7.[A]distinguishing

[B]discovering

[C]determining（D）

[D]detecting

8.[A]diluted

[B]dissolved

[C]dispersed（A）

[D]diffused

9.[A]when

[B]since

[C]for（D）

[D]whereas

10.[A]unusual

[B]particular

[C]unique（B）

[D]typical

11.[A]signs

[B]stimuli

[C]messages（C）

[D]impulses

12.[A]atfirst

[B]atall

[C]atlarge（A）

[D]attimes

13.[A]subjected

[B]left

[C]drawn（D）

[D]exposed

14.[A]ineffective

[B]incompetent

[C]inefficient（C）

[D]insufficient

15.[A]introduce

[B]summon

[C]trigger（D）

[D]create

16.[A]still

[B]also

[C]otherwise（B）

[D]nevertheless

17.[A]sure

[B]sick

[C]aware（C）

[D]tired

18.[A]tolerate

[B]repel

[C]neglect（D）

[D]notice

19.[A]available

[B]reliable

[C]identifiable（A）

[D]suitable

20.[A]similarto

[B]suchas

[C]alongwith（B）

[D]asidefrom

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1（40points）

Text1

Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman,”withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.

Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.

SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.

Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods（andmuchpreferabletocucumbers）.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber（withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit）wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.

Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.

21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby________.

[A]posingacontrast

[B]justifyinganassumption

[C]makingacomparison（C）

[D]explainingaphenomenon

22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”（Lastline,Paragraphl）impliesthat________.

[A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals

[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys’nature

[C]monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother（B）

[D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions

23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare________.

[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget

[B]attentivetoresearchers’instructions

[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament（A）

[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions

24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys________.

[A]prefergrapestocucumbers

[B]canbetaughttoexchangethings

[C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated（C）

[D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers

25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

[A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.

[B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.

[C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.（B）

[D]Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.

Text2

Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?

Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?

Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?

LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.

Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’sreport:

“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”

Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:

bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.

Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch--aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis.”

Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.

26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat________.

[A]therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath

[B]thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant

[C]peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife（C）

[D]antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense

27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas________.

[A]aprotector

[B]ajudge

[C]acritic（D）

[D]aguide

28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysi