高一英语语法归纳总结Word下载.docx
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高一英语语法归纳总结Word下载.docx
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①直接由引导词引导定语从句
Themanwhoyou’retalkingtoismyfriend.
②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导
Themantowhomyou’retalkingismyfriend.
IneedapenwithwhichIcanwritealetter.
=IneedapieceofpaperonwhichIcanwritealetter.
介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定,该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前,也可放在从句之尾。
例如:
Theman(who/whom/that)ItalkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.
=ThemanaboutwhomItalkedatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.
Thepalace(which/that)Ioftenpayavisittowasbuiltinthe17thcentury.
=ThepalacetowhichIoftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.
﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。
①直接由引导词引导定语从句。
②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导。
Iliveinahousefarawayfromthecity,infrontofwhichisabigtree.
Thereisanappletreestandingatthegate,onwhicharemanyapples.
ThisisthemantowhomIgavethebook.
③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“ofwhich/whom+名词/代词”(先行词指
人用whom,指物用which)引导。
One,some,any,none,all,both,several,many,most,neither,either等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或ofwhich连用。
Hehasfivechildren,twoofwhomareabroad.
(比较:
Hehasfivechildren,andtwoofthemareabroad.)
Wehavethreebooks,noneofwhichis/areinteresting.
Wehavethreebooks,butnoneofthemis/areinteresting.)
除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外,其余引导词都可以,用法同限定性定语从句一样。
但要注意以下区别。
1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。
2.非限定性定语从句的作用:
它只是补充说明先行词的情况,翻译时可译成两个句子。
Theengineer,whoselegwasbadlyhurt,wasquicklysenttohospital.
(那位工程师被很快送往医院,其腿部受了重伤)
Theengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.
(那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院)
3.在非限定性定语从句中,任何引导词都不能省略(包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内)。
指人做主语时只能用who,做宾语时用whom;
指物做主语,宾语都用which;
关系副词用when或where,也不能省略。
Theman,______issittingonthechair,ismyfather.
Thewoman,_______Imetyesterday,ismyEnglishteacher.
Thecity,_______isfaraway,isverybeautiful.
HewenttoAmerica,______hisparentslive.
HejoinedtheArmyyesterday,______Ileft,too.
4.whose引导非限定性定语从句:
Thehouse,whosewindowfacessouth,ismine.
=Thehouse,thewindowofwhichfacessouth,ismine.
=Thehouse,ofwhichthewindowfacessouth,ismine.
二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。
1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的主语,不能省略。
Doyouknowthegentlemanwho/thatissittingthere?
2.whom/who/that指人是宾格,在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)。
①当作动宾(动词后接宾语)时,关系代词可省略。
Doyouknowthegentleman(whom/who/that)wemetjustnow?
②当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时:
介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;
介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。
Theman(whom/who/that)Ispokewithismyteacher.
ThemanwithwhomIspokeismyteacher.
※注:
固定的动词短语(动词+介词)如lookfor,takecareof等不能把动词与介词拆开,既介词不能提至引导词前。
Sheistherightgirl(who/whom/that)wearelookingfor.
3.whose:
指人或物,是所有格“…的”形式。
Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语(动宾或介宾)即先行词的什么东西怎样了,whose不能省略。
。
Whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the=n.
Ididn’tfindthedeskwhoselegwasbroken.(主语)
HeisthestudentwhosepencilIbrokeyesterday.(动宾)
ThebossinwhosecompanyIworkisverykind.(介宾)
4.which/that指物,指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)。
①当作动宾时,关系代词可省略。
②当作介宾时:
介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。
Thehousewhich/thatwasdestroyedintheearthquakeisweak.
Thepen(which/that)youfoundyesterdayismine.
Thegames(that/which)theyoungmencompetedinweredifficult.
Thegamesinwhichtheyoungmencompetedweredifficult.
※注:
介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)。
※5.as指人或物,在定语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语或状语,不能省略。
主要用于“thesame…as…;
such…as…;
so…as…;
as…as…;
asfollows”固定结构中,形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。
要用as代替who(m),which,或that引导定语从句:
SuchpeopleasknewHillthoughthewashonest.
SuchpeopleasHillknewthoughthewashonest.
Myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.
Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.
Thechildknowsasmuchasgrow-ups(know).
I’dliketohavethesamebooksasareusedinyourschool.
HeisnotsuchapersonasIexpected.
Hewillmarryasprettyagirlashecanfind.
which和as可引导非限定性定语从句:
可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换。
因此,当as/which指代前面的整个句子,或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时,谓语用单数.
Ourteamlostthegame,as/whichwasreportedinthenewspaper.
Shewasterrified,as/whichIcouldseefromhereyes.
Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
区别:
①as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾;
而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。
Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
=Aswasnatural,hemarriedher.
MarkTwinisagreatwriter,which/asisknowntoall.
=Asisknowntoall,MarkTwinisagreatwriter.
②as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意,而which则无此意。
常用句型有:
asweallknow,asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected,Asisknown/said/reported/told/weallknow等。
如:
Asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.
Toshutyoureyestofacts,asmanyofyoudo,isfoolish.
③主句和从句有因果关系时,用which.
Ourclasshaswonthefootballmatch,whichmadeusveryhappy.
Bamboosarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.
④从句含否定意义时常用which.
Shedidn’tpasstheexam,whichwecouldn’texpect.
Shedidn’tpasstheexam,asweexpected.
6.when关系副词:
指时间。
在定语从句中作时间状语,不能省略。
此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表时间的名词)。
IstillrememberthetimewhenIjoinedtheLeague.
=IstillrememberthetimeonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.
=Istillrememberthetime(which/that)IjoinedtheLeagueon.
7.where关系副词:
指地点。
在定语从句中作地点状语,不能省略。
此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表地点的名词)。
IstillremembertheschoolwhereIjoinedtheLeague.
=IstillremembertheschoolinwhichIjoinedtheLeague.
=Istillremembertheschool(which/that)IjoinedtheLeaguein.
对关系副词when,where的认识。
①.先行词是时间的名词,并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。
I’llneverforgetthetime(which/that)IspentinBeijing.
②.先行词是地点的名词,并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句。
Thisisthefactory(which/that)hevisitedyesterday.
③.当句型为It/This/Thatis(was)thefirst(second…last)time引起的句子时用that连接其后的句子。
此时的time是次数,不是时间。
It/Thisisthefirsttimethatwetravel.
It/ThisisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.
8.why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,先行词通常为reason,不能省略。
且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。
Why=forwhich
Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhewaslateyesterday.
Thereasonwhy(forwhich)hewaslateisthathemissedthebus.
当先行词为reason时,关系副词并非都用why。
Thisisthereason(that/which)hegave/explainedtous.
【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】
从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。
试比较:
Iwillneverforgettheday(which/that)IspentinHongkong.
(spent是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略)
Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichHongkongreturnedtoitsmotherland.
(从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)
Thereason(that/which)hegavefornotcomingtoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.
(gave是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略)
Thereasonwhyhedidn’tcometoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.
三.值得注意的几个问题:
第一.当先行词是物时,关系代词(that/which)只用that的情况。
1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。
Thisisthebestfilmthathasbeenshownthisyear.
Thisisthefirstbook(that)Iborrowfromthelibrary.
※Heisthefirststudentthat/whocametoschooltoday.
2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。
Hetalkedabouttheteachersandtheschool(that)hehadvisited.
3.当先行词本身是all的,用that。
(allthat=what)
Allthat(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.
=All(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.
Gooverallthat(what)welearned.
=Gooverall(what)welearned.(that在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略)
4.先行词为something,anything,nothing,everything,thing时,用that.
I’lltellyouanything(that)Iknow.
5.当先行词前有all,much,little,many,(a)few,every,some,any,no,only,thevery,oneof,theonly,thelast,thenext等修饰语时。
Thisisoneofthebooks(that)I’mveryinterestingin.
※ThisisoneofthebooksinwhichI’mveryinteresting.
Thisistheonlybook(that)Iread.
Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.
Alltheglassesthatwereonthetablefelloffontothefloor.
6.(人,物),当先行词在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时,用that引导以避免混淆.
Whoisthemanthatistalkingwiththelady?
Whichofyouthatknowtheanswercancometothefront?
7.当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时,用that.
Helikesthegirlthatsheusedtobe.
第二.当先行词是物时,关系代词(that/which)只用which的情况。
1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时.
Theroominwhichhelivesisverylarge.
2.引导非限定性定语从句时(主,宾都用which, 都不能省略).
Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.
Thehouse,whichIvisitedyesterday,isverylarge.
3.which指整个句子的内容或部分内容,引导非限定性定语从句.
Healwaysmakesfunofme,whichupsetsme.
第三. 其他特殊情况.
1.先行词是these,those指人时,关系代词只用who.
Thosewhoareplayingovertherearemystudents.
2.先行词是人称代词(he,she…)时,关系代词只用who.
Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.
3.不定代词someone,anyone,everyone,noone,somebody,anybody,everybody作先行词时,关系代词用who.
Anybodywhobreakstheruleswouldbepunished.
4.①先行词是theonlyoneof+可数名词复数,在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用单数形式(因为此时的先行词是theonlyone,而不是of后的可数名词复数).
Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksthatisborrowed.
②先行词是oneof+可数名词复数,在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用复数形式(因为此时的先行词是of后的可数名词复数,而不是one).
Thisisoneofthestudentswhoarelate.
5.当主句缺先行词时,用theone代替,但须注意:
theone只能代替可数名词单数.如为不可数名词时,指什么用什么.
IsthisschooltheoneIvisitedyesterday?
Ispopmusicthemusichelikesbest?
6.当先行词是theway, 在定语从句中充当方式状语时(theway表"以…方式/方法"),引导词通常用that或省略,也可用inwhich.
Idon’tliketheway(that)youspeak.
=Idon’tlikethewayinwhichyouspeak.
=Idon’tliketheway(which/that)youspeakin.
【“介词+关系代词”十种情况】
在定语从句中,介词+关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题。
现就几种常见的介词+关系代词的结构浅析如下:
1.介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语,代替相应的关系副词when,where和why。
Istillrememberthedayonwhich(when)Ifirstcametoschool.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。
Thefactoryinwhich(=where)Iworkisalargeone.我工作的工厂是一个大工厂。
Thisisthe
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- 英语语法 归纳 总结
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