综合英语二课文完整版Word文档下载推荐.docx
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综合英语二课文完整版Word文档下载推荐.docx
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青少年阶段,尤其是中学阶段,无疑是学习的最佳时期。
中学教育的重点应放在什么地方?
美国著名科学家和科普作家萨根批评中学只抓各个学科具体内容的做法,他认为中学要注重对青少年的宏观教育,使他们建立起唯物的世界观和宇宙观,使他们能够正确对待自己,关心周围的世界——人类生存的环境和自己的地球同胞。
1Iattendedjuniorandseniorhighschool,publicinstitutionsinNewYorkandNewJersey,justaftertheSecondWorldWar.Itseemsalongtimeago.ThefacilitiesandtheskillsoftheteacherswereprobablywellaboveaveragefortheUnitedStatesatthattime.Sincethen,I'
velearnedagreatdeal.OneofthemostimportantthingsI'
velearnedishowmuchthereistolearn,andhowmuchIdon'
tyetknow.SometimesIthinkhowgratefulIwouldbetodayifIhadlearnedmorebackthenaboutwhatreallymatters.Insomerespectsthateducationwasterriblynarrow;
theonlythingIeverheardinschoolaboutNapoleonwasthattheUnitedStatesmadetheLouisianaPurchasefromhim.(Onaplanetwheresome95%oftheinhabitantsarenotAmericans,theonlyhistorythatwasthoughtworthteachingwasAmericanhistory.)Inspelling,grammar,thefundamentalsofmath,andothervitalsubjects,myteachersdidaprettygoodjob.Butthere'
ssomuchelseIwishthey'
dtaughtus.
2Perhapsallthedeficiencieshavesincebeenrectified.Itseemstometherearemanythings(oftenmoreamatterofattitudeandperceptionthanthesimplememorizationoffacts)thattheschoolsshouldteach—thingsthattrulywouldbeusefulinlaterlife,usefulinmakingastrongercountryandabetterworld,butusefulalsoinmakingpeoplehappier.Humanbeingsenjoylearning.That'
soneofthefewthingsthatwedobetterthantheotherspeciesonourplanet.Everystudentshouldregularlyexperiencethe"
Aha!
"
—whensomethingyouneverunderstood,orsomethingyouneverknewwasamystery,becomesclear.
3Sohere'
smylist:
Pickadifficultthingandlearnitwell.
4TheGreekphilosopherSocratessaidthiswasoneofthegreatestofhumanjoys,anditis.Whileyoulearnalittlebitaboutmanysubjects,makesureyoulearnagreatdealaboutoneortwo.Ithardlymatterswhatthesubjectis,aslongasitdeeplyinterestsyou,andyouplaceitinitsbroaderhumancontext.Afteryouteachyourselfonesubject,youbecomemuchmoreconfidentaboutyourabilitytoteachyourselfanother.Yougraduallyfindyou'
veacquiredakeyskill.Theworldischangingsorapidlythatyoumustcontinuetoteachyourselfthroughoutyourlife.Butdon'
tgettrappedbythefirstsubjectthatinterestsyou,orthefirstthingyoufindyourselfgoodat.Theworldisfullofwonders,andsomeofthemwedon'
tdiscoveruntilwe'
reallgrownup.Mostofthem,sadly,weneverdiscover. Don'
tbeafraidtoask"
stupid"
questions.
5Manyapparentlynaiveinquirieslikewhygrassisgreen,orwhytheSunisround,orwhyweneed55,000nuclearweaponsintheworld—arereallydeepquestions.Theanswerscanbeagatewaytorealinsights.It'
salsoimportanttoknow,aswellasyoucan,whatitisthatyoudon'
tknow,andaskingquestionsistheway.Toask"
questionsrequirescourageonthepartoftheaskerandknowledgeandpatienceonthepartoftheanswerer.Anddon'
tconfineyourlearningtoschoolwork.Discussideasindepthwithfriends.It'
smuchbravertoaskquestionsevenwhenthere'
saprospectofridiculethantosuppressyourquestionsandbecomedeadenedtotheworldaroundyou.
Listencarefully.
6Manyconversationsareakindofcompetitionthatrarelyleadstodiscoveryoneitherside.Whenpeoplearetalking,don'
tspendthetimethinkingaboutwhatyou'
regoingtosaynext.Instead,trytounderstandwhatthey'
resaying,whatexperienceisbehindtheirremarks,whatyoucanlearnfromoraboutthem.Olderpeoplehavegrownupinaworldverydifferentfromyours,oneyoumaynotknowverywell.They,andpeoplefromotherpartsofthecountryandfromothernations,haveimportantperspectivesthatcanenrichyourlife.
Everybodymakesmistakes.
7Everybody'
sunderstandingisincomplete.Beopentocorrection,andlearntocorrectyourownmistakes.Theonlyembarrassmentisinnotlearningfromyourmistakes.
Knowyourplanet.
8It'
stheonlyonewehave.Learnhowitworks.We'
rechangingtheatmosphere,thesurface,thewatersoftheEarth,oftenforsomeshort-termadvantagewhenthelong-termimplicationsareunknown.Thecitizensofanycountryshouldhaveatleastsomethingtosayaboutthedirectioninwhichwe'
regoing.Ifwedon'
tunderstandtheissues,weabandonthefuture.
Scienceandtechnology.
9Youcan'
tknowyourplanetunlessyouknowsomethingaboutscienceandtechnology.Schoolsciencecourses,Iremember,concentratedontheunimportantpartsofscience,leavingthemajorinsightsalmostuntouched.Thegreatdiscoveriesinmodernsciencearealsogreatdiscoveriesofthehumanspirit.Forexample,Copernicusshowedthat—farfrombeingthecenteroftheuniverse,aboutwhichtheSun,theMoon,theplanets,andthestarsrevolvedinclockwisehomage—theEarthisjustoneofmanysmallworlds.Thisisadeflationofourpretensions,tobesure,butitisalsotheopeninguptoourviewofavastandawesomeuniverse.EveryhighschoolgraduateshouldhavesomeideaoftheinsightsofCopernicus,Newton,Darwin,Freud,andEinstein.(Einstein'
sspecialtheoryofrelativity,farfrombeingobscureandexceptionallydifficult,canbeunderstoodinitsbasicswithnomorethanfirst-yearalgebra,andthenotionofarowboatinarivergoingupstreamanddownstream.)
Don'
tspendyourlifewatchingTV.
10YouknowwhatI'
mtalkingabout.Culture.
11Gainsomeexposuretothegreatworksofliterature,artandmusic.Ifsuchaworkishundredsorthousandsofyearsoldandisstilladmired,thereisprobablysomethingtoit.Likealldeepexperiences,itmaytakealittleworkonyourparttodiscoverwhatallthefussisabout.Butonceyoumaketheeffort,yourlifehaschanged;
you'
veacquiredasourceofenjoymentandexcitementfortherestofyourdays.Inaworldastightlyconnectedasoursis,don'
trestrictyourattentiontoAmericanorWesternculture.Learnhowandwhatpeopleelsewherethink.Learnsomethingoftheirhistory,theirreligion,theirviewpoints.
Compassion.
12Manypeoplebelievethatweliveinanextraordinarilyselfishtime.Butthereisahollowness,alonelinessthatcomesfromlivingonlyforyourself.Humansarecapableofgreatmutualcompassion,love,andtenderness.Thesefeelings,however,needencouragementtogrow.
13Lookatthedelightaone-ortwo-year-oldtakesinlearning,andyouseehowpowerfulisthehumanwilltolearn.Ourpassiontounderstandtheuniverseandourcompassionforothersjointlyprovidethechiefhopeforthehumanrace.
LessonTwo
Icons
提起一位获得诺贝尔奖的华人物理学家的名字,今天的青少年恐怕很多人会感到陌生,无话可说,可是谈起当红歌星、球星,他们则是津津乐道。
当今国内外的明星大腕被少男少女们一个个奉为偶像。
君不见,追星族们为求得偶像的签名,可以在瓢泼大雨中等待半天,为一睹偶像的风采,可以大打出手破门而入。
三四十年前青年人崇拜的科学家和英雄人物已被视为昨日黄花,中外都是如此。
这种价值观的变化引起了社会学家和教育家的忧虑,他们指出星们、腕儿们只不过是媒体尤其是电视炒作的产物。
HeroesandCulturalIcons
GaryGosggarian
1IfyouwereaskedtolisttenAmericanheroesandheroines,youwouldprobablynamesomeorallofthefollowing:
GeorgeWashington,AbrahamLincoln,DanielBoone,MartinLutherKingJr.,AmeliaEarhart,SusanB.Anthony,JacquelineKennedyOnassis,HelenKeller,ElizabethCadyStanton,andRosaParks.Ifnextyouwereaskedtolistpeoplewhoaregenerallyadmiredbysociety,whosomehowseembiggerthanlife,youmightcomeupwithanentirelydifferentlist.Youmight,infact,namepeoplewhoarecelebratedfortheirwealthandglamourratherthantheirachievementsandmoralstrengthofcharacter.Andyouwouldnotbealone,becausepollstershavefoundthatpeopletodaydonotchoosepoliticalleaderswhoshapehistoryfortheir"
MostAdmired"
list,butrathermovieandtelevisioncelebrities,fashionmodels,professionalathletes,andevencomicbookandcartooncharacters.Inshortmediaicons.
2Bydefinition,heroesandheroinesaremenandwomendistinguishedbyuncommoncourage,achievements,andself-sacrificemademostoftenforthebenefitofothers—theyarepeopleagainstwhomwemeasureothers.Theyaremenandwomenrecognizedforshapingournation'
sconsciousnessanddevelopmentaswellasthelivesofthosewhoadmirethem.Yet,somepeoplesaythatoursisanagewheretrueheroesandheroinesarehardtocomeby,wheretheveryidealofheroismissomethingbeyondus—anartifactofthepast.SomemaintainthatbecausetheColdWarisoverandbecauseAmericaisatpeaceourageisessentiallyanunheroicone.Furthermore,theoverallcrimerateisdown,povertyhasbeeneasedbyastrongandgrowingeconomy,andadvancescontinuetobemadeinmedicalscience.Consequently,bereftofculturalheroes,wehavelatchedontoculturalicons—mediasuperstarssuchasactors,actresses,sportscelebrities,televisionpersonalities,andpeoplewhoaresimplyfamousforbeingfamous.
3Culturaliconsarehardertodefine,butweknowthemwhenweseethem.Theyarepeoplewhomanagetotranscendcelebrity,whoarelegendary,whosomehowmanagetobecomemythic.Butwhatmakessomefiguresiconsandothersmerecelebrities?
That'
shardtoanswer.Inpart,theirliveshavethequalityofastory.Forinstance,thebeautifulyoungDianaSpencerwhoat19marriedaprince,boreaking,renouncedmarriageandthethrone,anddiedatthemomentshefoundtruelove.Goodlookscertainlyhelp.Sodoesaspecialindefinablecharisma,withthehelpofthemedia.Butnothingbecomesaniconmorethanatragicandearlydeath—suchasMartinLutherKingJr.,JohnF.Kennedy,andPrincessDiana.
BeingSomebody
DonnaWoolfolk
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