《语用与交际》练习测试题库及答案Word文档格式.docx
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《语用与交际》练习测试题库及答案Word文档格式.docx
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CharlesMorris,anAmericanphilosopher
7.Whatarethethreesub—branchesofsemiotics?
Theyaresyntactics,semanticsandpragmatics
8.WhatisCarnap’sunderstandingof“Pragmatics”?
BasicallyCarnapunderstandsPragmaticsaswhatMorrishaspointedout,butspecificallyspeaking,CarnapthinksthatPragmaticsshouldstudyindexicalsinlanguage。
9.WhatistheadvantageofstudyingPragmatics?
Oneadvantageofstudyinglanguagethroughpragmaticsisthatwecantalkaboutpeople’sintendedmeanings,theirassumptions,theirpurposesorgoals,andallkindsofactions(forexample,requests)thattheyareperformingwhentheyspeak.
10.IsgrammaticalmistakeequaltoPragmaticfailure?
PragmaticmistakeisnotequaltoPragmaticfailure.
11.Whypragmatistsstudymotionverbunderplacedeixis?
Becausemotionverbscontainakindofbuilt—indirection
12.Whydon'
tpeoplesaywhattheymeanincommunication?
Becausetheywanttobeco—operative,politeandsavetheirownandother'
sface.
13.WhatdoesCPstandforinPragmatics?
InPragmatics,CPstandsforco-operativeprinciple。
14.Whatispositiveface?
Positivefaceistheneedtobelikedbyothers,ortheneedtobeacceptedandtreatedassocialequals.
15.Whatisonrecord?
Onrecordisatechnicalterm,referringtoutterancesnotdirectlyaddressedtoothers.
16.WhatisthedisadvantageofstudyingPragmatics?
Onebigdisadvantageofpragmaticstudyisthatalltheseconceptsrelatedtohumanbeingsareextremelydifficulttoanalyzeinaconsistentandobjectiveway。
17.IssemanticmistakeequaltoPragmaticfailure?
No.SemanticmistakeisnotequaltoPragmaticfailure。
18.Whatarethepossibleinterpretationsofthephrase“Jane’scar”?
PossibleinterpretationsarethecarownedbyJane,thecarkeptbyJane,thecarrentedbyJaneetc。
19.Istimepartofcontext?
Yes。
Timeispartofcontext
20.Whatisthegeneralroleofpersonaldeixisincommunication?
Itsroleistoindicatewhoparticipatesincommunication
21.IsgrammaticalmistakeequaltoPragmaticfailure?
PragmaticmistakeisnotequaltoPragmaticfailure
22.Whatistheroleofcontextinunderstandingutterances?
Theroleofcontextinunderstandingutterancesistohelplistenerstonarrowdowntheirchoicesinunderstanding.
23.Whatkindofrelationshipexistsbetweendeixisandcontext?
24.Howdoyouunderstandgesturaluseofplacedeixis?
Iftheunderstandingofaplacedeixismustrelyongestures,thenitisthegesturaluse
25.Howdoesconversationalimplicatureexplainlanguageintermsofmeaning?
II。
Explainthefollowingtermsbriefly。
(每题4分)
1.inference
2.linguisticcontext
3.Pragmatics
4.appropriacy
5.indirectmeaning
6.politeness
7.facewants
8.non-linguisticcontext
9.deixis
10.conversationalimplicature
11.context
12.co-operativeprinciple
13.presupposition
14.calendricuseoftimedeixis
答案:
1.Inferencemeansthatweofteninferormakeguessesastowhatthespeakerintendstomeanwhenhesayssomething?
2.Itreferstothelanguagethatsurroundsoraccompaniesapieceofutteranceordiscourseunderanalysis.
3.Pragmaticsstudiesthefactorsthatgovernourchoiceoflanguageinsocialinteractionandtheeffectsofourchoiceonothers.
4.Appropriacymeansthatpeopleshouldsaytherightthingtotherightpersonwiththerightmannerattherightplaceandintherightsituation。
5.Indirectmeaningisthemeaningthatpeopleintendtoconvey。
Itisalsotermedasthecommunicativemeaningorcontextualmeaning.
6.Politenessisshowingawarenessofother’spublicself—image。
Usuallypolitenesscanbeunderstoodasvariousmeansthatpeopleuseineithersituationsofsocialclosenessorsituationsofsocialdistance.
7.Facewantsrefertoone’sfaceexpectations.Normallypeopleexpectthatotherswillrespecttheirfaceincommunication.
8.Non—linguisticcontextreferstothetypeofcommunicativeevent(forexample,joke,story,lecture,greeting,conversation);
thetopic;
thepurposeoftheevent;
thesettingincludinglocationofday,timeandphysicalaspectsofthesituation;
theparticipantsandtherelationshipsbetweenthem;
thebackgroundknowledgeetc.
9.Deixisisagroupofwordsindicatingperson,time,place,etc。
ItisoriginatedfromaGreekverb,meaning“point”,“show"
and“indicate”inEnglish。
10.Conversationalimplicatureisthemeaningimpliedinaconversation。
Usuallyitindicatesthespeaker’scommunicativepurpose。
11.Contextcanbesubdividedintolinguisticcontextandnon—linguisticcontext。
Theformerreferstothelanguagethatsurroundsoraccompaniesapieceofutteranceordiscourseunderanalysis,itreferstothelinguisticelementsthatarearoundanutterance.Thelatterincludes:
thetypeofcommunicativeevent(forexample,joke,story,lecture,greeting,conversation);
thetopic;
thepurposeoftheevent;
thesettingincludinglocationofday,timeandphysicalaspectsofthesituation;
theparticipantsandtherelationshipsbetweenthem;
12.Traditionally,peopledatetheinventionoftheco-operativeprinciplebacktotheworkoftheAmericanphilosophernamedH.PaulGrice.Theprincipleincludes:
TheMaximofQuality
trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue,specifically:
a)donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse
b)donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence
TheMaximofQuantity
a)makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequiredforthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange
b)donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired
TheMaximofRelevance
makeyourcontributionsrelevant
TheMaximofManner
beperspicuous,andspecifically
a)avoidobscurity
b)avoidambiguity
c)bebrief
d)beorderly
Inshort,thesemaximsspecifywhatparticipantshavetodoinordertoconductcommunicationinamaximallyefficient,rational,co-operativeway。
Todoso,theyshouldspeaksincerely,relevantlyandclearly,whileprovidingsufficientinformation.
13。
Bypresupposition,werefertoameaningtakenasgivenwhichdoesnotthereforeneedtobeasserted。
Ithasbeenvariouslydefinedas“semanticpresupposition"
(non-defeasible,contributestothetruth—conditionalmeaningofthesentence),and“pragmaticpresupposition"
(cancellablewhileinconsistentwithspeaker/hearerknowledgeabouttheworld)。
PragmaticPresuppositioncanbeunderstoodasanothertypeofpragmaticinference。
14.Generallyspeaking,mostlanguageshaveabasicsystemofreckoningandmeasuringtimethroughnaturalcyclesofdayandnight,lunarmonths,seasonsandyears。
Thisisthecalendricuseoftimeunits.Suchtimeunitscanbeusedcalendricallytolocateeventsin‘absolute’timerelativeto‘absolute’timeorigin。
Forsuchcalendrictimeunits,therearefixedbeginningandending。
Forexample,acalendaryearismadeupbycalendarmonthsfromJanuary,February,March,April,May…toDecemberwhileacalendarmonth,March,forexample,consistsofcalendardayslikeMarch1,March2,3untilthelastdayofthatmonth.Foracalendaryear,thebeginningisalwaysfixedonJanuaryandtheendingonDecember.Andforacalendarmonth,thebeginningisalwaysthefirstdayofthatmonthwhiletheendingisalwaysthelastdayofthatmonth.
III.
A.Identifythesymbolic,gestural,andnon-deicticusesofthesecondpersonalpronoun‘you'
inthefollowingthreecases。
(每题2分)
1.Youneverknowwhethertoreadeverychapterorskiponeortwo.
2.Iknowyouwillallenjoyreadingthischapter.
3.Youhavetoreaditandyouhavetoreaditandyouhavetoreadit。
1、Non—deictic2.Symbolic3.Gestural
B.Pleaseidentifythesymbolic,gestural,andnon—deicticusesofthetimedeixis“now”inthefollowingthreecases。
4.IknowmoreaboutPragmaticsnowthanbefore。
5.Nowthatwasn’tverynice.
6.Areyouready?
Waitforit!
Waitforit!
NOW(Herethespeakerisusingarising-fallingintonationtoshowstress。
)
1、symbolic2.non—deictic3。
gestural
C.Pleaseidentifythesymbolic,gestural,andnon-deicticusesofthedemonstrativepronoun“this”inthefollowingthreecases.(每题2分)
1。
Ibetyouweren’texpectingthisexample。
2.Andthenthisstrangeguywalksinandvomits。
3。
Whichfingerdidhebite?
/Thislittlefingerontheright?
1.symbolic2。
non-deictic3.gestural
IV。
Dothefollowingexchangesviolateanymaximsundertheco-operativeprinciple?
If‘yes’,pointoutwhichmaximisbeingflouted。
1.Johnny:
HeySallylet’splaymarbles。
Mum:
HowisyourhomeworkgettingalongJohnny?
Yes.Itviolatedthemaximofrelation。
2。
A:
Ihopeyouboughtbreadandcheese。
B:
Ah,Iboughtthebread.
Yes.Itviolatedthemaximofquantity。
3.A:
Whoa!
Hasyourbossgonecrazy?
B:
Let’sgoandgetsometea。
Yes.Itviolate
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