外文翻译SQL Server体系结构Word文档下载推荐.docx
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外文翻译SQL Server体系结构Word文档下载推荐.docx
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ClientsandserverscanusemorethanoneNer-Libraryconcurrently,buttheymustuseacommonnetworklibraryinordertocommunicatesuccessfully.SQLServersupportnetworkprotocolsuchasTCP/IP,Namedpipes,NovellIPX/SPC,BanyanVINES/IP,andAppleTalkADSP.
Tabulardatastreamtabulardatastream(TDS)isaapplicationlevelprotocolusedforcommunicationbetweentheclientandSQLServer.TDSpacketsareencapsulatedinthenetworkpacketsbuiltfortheprotocolstackusedbytheNet-libraries.Forexample,ifyouusethewindowsSocketNet-Library,thentheTDSpacketsareencapsulatedintheTCP/IPpacketsofunderlyingprotocol.
OpenDataServicesThisisacomponentofSQLServerthathandlesnetworkconnections,passingclientrequeststoSQLServerforprocessingandreturninganyresultandrepliestoSQLServerclient.OpenDataServicesautomaticallylistensonallserverNet-Librariesthatareinstalledontheserver.
2.APPLICATIONDEVELOPMENT
UsersaccessSQLServerthroughanapplicationthatiswrittenwithadataobjectinterfaceoranAPI.
SQLServersupportscommonlyusedandemergingdatabaseinterfaces.Itsupportslow-levelnativeAPIs,aswellaseasy-to-usedataobjectinterfaces.
2.1ApplicationProgrammingInterfaces
AdatabaseAPIdefineshowtowriteanapplicationtoconnecttoadatabaseandpasscommandstothedatabase.SQLServerprovidesnativesupportfortwomainclassesofdatabaseAPIs,whichinturndeterminethedataobjectinterfacethatyoucanuse.UsethedatabaseAPIstohavemorecontroloverapplicationbehaviorandperformance.
OLEDBThisisaComponentObjectModel(COM)-baseddataaccessinterface.ItsupportsapplicationwrittenusingOLEDBordataobjectinterfacethatuseOLEDB.OLEDBcanaccessdatainSQLServer,otherrelationaldatabases,andotherdatasources.
OpenDatabaseConnectivityOpenDatabaseConnectivity(ODBC)isacall-levelinterface.ItdirectlyaccesstheSQLServerTDSprotocolandsupportsapplicationsorcomponentsthatarewrittenusingODBCordataobjectinterfacethatuseODBC.ODBCcanaccessdatainSQLServerandotherrelationaldatabase,butgenerallyitcannotbeusedtoaccessotherdatasources.
2.2DataObjectInterfaces
Ingeneral,dataobjectinterfacesareeasiertousethandatabaseAPIsbutmaynotexposeasmuchfunctionalityasanAPI.
ActiveXDataObjectsMicrosoftActiveXDataObject(ADO)encapsulatetheOLEDBAPIinasimplifiedobjectmodelthatreducesapplicationdevelopmentandmaintenancecosts.ADOcanbeusedfromMicrosoftVisualBasic,Visualbasicforapplications,ActiveServerPages(ASP),andtheMicrosoftInternetExplorerscriptingobjectmodel.
RemoteDataObjectRemoteDataObject(ROD)mapoverandencapsulatetheODBCAPI.RDOcanbeusedfromVisualBasicandVisualBasicforapplications.
3.WORKINGWITHSQLSERVER
3.1DesigningAnApplicationForSQLServer
Planningadatabasedesignrequiresknowledgeofthebusinessfunctionsthatyouwanttomodelanddatabaseconceptsandfeaturesthatyouusetorepresentthosebusinessfunctions.
BeforeyoudesignanapplicationforSQLServer,itisimportanttospendtimedesigningadatabasetomodelthebusinessaccurately.Awell-designeddatabaserequiresfewerchangesandgenerallyperformancemoreefficiently.Thearchitecturethatyouselectaffecthowyoudevelop,deployandmanageyoursoftwareapplication.
3.2SoftwareArchitecture
Youcanuseoneofseveralapplicationarchitecturetoimplementclient/serverapplications.However,selectingalayeredapplicationapproachaffordsflexibilityandachoiceofmanagementoptions.Youcandividesoftwareapplicationsintothreelogicallayers,whichcanphysicallyresideononeormoreservers.
3.3ArchitecturalDesign
Typicalapplicationdeploymentoptionsinclude:
IntelligentServer(2-tier)Mostprocessingoccursontheserver,withpresentationserviceshandledontheclient.Inmanyinstance,mostofthebusinessserviceslogicisimplementedinthedatabase.Thisdesignisusefulwhenclientsdonothavesufficientresourcestoprocessthebusinesslogic.However,theservercanbecomeabottleneckbecausedatabaseandbusinessservicescompeteforthesamehardwareresources.
Corporateapplicationsdesignedfromadatabase-centricpointofviewareanexampleofthisdesign.
IntelligentClient(2-tier)Mostprocessingoccursontheclient,withpresentationserviceshandledontheserver.Thisdesigniswidelyused.However,networktrafficcanbeheavyandtransactionslonger,whichcaninturnaffectperformance.
ApplicationsdevelopedforsmallorganizationswithproductsuchasMicrosoftAccessareanexampleforthisdesign.
N-TierProcessingisdividedamongadatabaseserver,anapplicationserver,andclients,.Thisapproachseparateslogicfromdataservices,andyoueasilycanaddmoreapplicationserversordatabaseserversasneeded.However,thepotentialforcomplexityincreases,andthisapproachmaybeslowerforsmallapplications.
Multitieredenterpriseapplicationandapplicationsdevelopedwithtransactionprocessingmonitorsareexamplesforthisdesign.
InternetProcessingisdividedintothreelayers,withthebusinessandpresentationservicesresidingontheWebserverandtheclientsusingsimplebrowsers.Anyclientthathasabrowsercanbesupported,andsoftwaredoesnotneedtobemaintainedontheclient.
AnexampleofthisdesignisaWebsitetharusesseveralWebserverstomanageconnectionstoclientsandasingleSQLServerdatabasethatservicesrequestsfordata.
4.IMPLEMENTINGASQLSERVERDATABASE
ImplementingaSQLServerdatabasemeansplanning,creating,andmaintaininganumberofinterrelatedcomponents.
Thenatureandcomplexityofadatabaseapplication,aswellastheprocessofplanningit,canverygreatly.Forexample,adatabasecanberelativelysimple,designedforusebyasingleperson,oritcanbelargeandcomplex,designedtohandleallthebankingtransactionsforhundredsofthousandsofclient.
Regardlessofthesizeandcomplexityofthedatabase,implementingadatabaseusuallyinvolves:
·
Designingthedatabasesothatyourapplicationusehardwareoptimallyandallowsforfuturegrows,identifyingandmodelingdatabaseobjectsandapplicationlogic,andspecifyingthetypesofinformationforeachobjectandtypeofrelationship.
Creatingthedatabaseanddatabaseobjects,includingtables,dataintegritymechanisms,dataentryandretrievalobject(oftenstoredprocedure),appropriateindexes,andsecurity.
Testingandtuningtheapplicationanddatabase.
Whenyoudesignadatabase,youwanttoensurethatthedatabaseperformsimportantfunctionscorrectlyandquickly.Inconjunctionwithcorrectdatabasedesign,correctuseofindexes,RAID,andfilegroupsareessentialtoachievinggoodperformance.
Planningdeployment,whichincludesanalyzingtheworkloadandrecommendinganoptimalindexconfigurationforyourSQLServerdatabase.
Administeringtheapplicationafterdeployment,whichincludesconfiguringserversandclients,monitoringserverperformance,managingjobs,alerts,andoperators,managingsecurity,andmanagingdatabasebackupprocedures.
5.StoredProcedures
5.1IntroductiontoStoredProcedures
Thissectionintroducesthedifferenttypesofstoredprocedures,describeshowstoredproceduresareprocessed,bothinitiallyandonsubsequentexecution,andlistssomeoftheadvantagesofusingstoredprocedures.
5.2DefiningStoredProcedures
AstoredprocedureisanamedcollectionofTransact-SQLstatementsthatisstoredontheserver.Storedproceduresareamethodofencapsulatingrepetitivetasksthatexecutesefficiently.Storedproceduressupportuser-declaredvariables,conditionalexecution,andotherpowerfulprogrammingfeatures.
MicrosoftSQLServerversion7.0supportsfivetypesofstoredprocedures:
SystemStoredProcedures(sp_)Storedinthemasterdatabase,systemstoresprocedures(identifiedbytypesp_prefix)provideaneffectivemethodtoretrieveinformationfromsystemtables.Theyallowsystemadministrationtasksthatupdatesystemtableseventhoughtheadministratorsdonothavepermissiontoupdatetheunderlyingtablesdirectly.Systemstoredprocedurescanbeexecutedinanydatabase.
LocalStoredProceduresLocalstoredproceduresarecreatedinindividualuserdatabases.
TemporaryStoredProceduresTemporarystoredprocedurescanbelocal,withnamesthatstartwithadoublepoundsymbol(##)——localtemporarystoredproceduresareavailablewithinasingleusersession;
globaltemporarystoredproceduresareavailableforallusersessions.
RemoteStoredProceduresRemotestoredproceduresarealegacyfeatureofSQLServerenvironment.Extendedstoredproceduresaretypicallyidentifiedbythexp_prefix.Theyareexecutedinamannersimilartothatofstoredprocedures.
6.ODBCPurpose
TheMicrosoftOpenDatabaseConnectivity(ODBC)interfaceisaCprogramminglanguageinterfacethatmakesitpossibleforapplicationstoaccessdatafromavarietyofdatabasemanagementsystems(DBMSs).TheODBCinterfacepermitsmaximuminteroperability—anapplicationcanaccessdataindiverseDBMSsthroughasingleinterface.Furthermore,thatapplicationwillbeindependentofanyDBMSfromwhichitaccessesdata.Usersoftheapplicationcanaddsoftwarecomponentscalleddrivers,whichinterfacebetweenanapplicationandaspecificDBMS.
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