医疗旅游的国家视角马来西亚的经验外文文献翻译最新译文Word文件下载.docx
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医疗旅游的国家视角马来西亚的经验外文文献翻译最新译文Word文件下载.docx
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原文
Countryperspectiveonmedicaltourism:
theMalaysianexperience
NoorHazilahAbdManaf
DepartmentofBusinessAdministration,
InternationalIslamicUniversityMalaysia,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
HusnayatiHussin
DepartmentofInformationSystem,
PuteriNemieJahnKassim
DepartmentofCivilLaw,InternationalIslamicUniversityMalaysia,
KualaLumpur,Malaysia
RokiahAlavi
DepartmentofEconomics,InternationalIslamicUniversityMalaysia,
KualaLumpur,Malaysia,and
ZainurinDahari
Abstract
Purpose–ThestudyseekstoexploretheperceptionofinternationalpatientsonMalaysiaasamedicaltourismdestinationcountry,aswellasoverallpatientsatisfaction,perceivedvalueandfutureintentionforrepeattreatmentandservices.
Design/methodology/approach–Self-administeredquestionnairewasthemainmethodofdatacollection.Thesurveycoveredmajorprivatehospitalsinmedicaltourists’statesinthecountry,namely,Penang,Melaka,SelangorandKualaLumpur.Conveniencesamplingwasusedduetotheconditionofpatientsasrespondents.
Findings–Indonesianpatientsformedthelargestmajorityofinternationalpatientsinthecountry.FivedimensionsofmedicaltourisminMalaysiawasidentified,namely,hospitalandstaff,countryfactor,combiningtourismandhealthservices,costsavingandinsuranceandunavailabilityoftreatment.Ofthese,hospitalandstaffwasfoundtobethemostimportantfactorforthepatients.Perceptionofvalue,overallsatisfactionandintentionforfuturetreatmentwasalsofoundtobehigh.ThisindicatesthatMalaysiaisontherightfootinginthisburgeoningindustry.
Practicalimplications–Findingsfromthestudywillenablepolicy-makerstobetterpositionMalaysiaasamedicaltouristdestinationcountry.
Originality/value–Medicaltourismisarecentphenomenonandverylittleempiricalresearchhasbeencarriedoutatthepatientlevel.Thisstudyisoneofthefirstfewstudieswhichseektoexploremedicaltourismfromtheperspectiveofthepatientsthemselves.
Keywords:
Publichealth,Healthcare,Healthservices
Introduction
Thepurposeofthispaperistoexploredimensionsofmedicaltourisminadestinationcountrywithactualpatientdata,andperceptionofthemedicaltouristsonoverallsatisfaction,perceivedvalueandfutureintentionforrepeattreatmentandservices.Thispaperalsoexploresthepredictorsofoverallsatisfactionandfutureintention,andalsotherelationshipbetweenoverallsatisfactionandfutureintention.
Medicaltourismhastakenbothpolicy-makersandresearchersbysurprise,anindustrythatwasnevercomprehendedtobeasvibrantasitistoday,forthesimplereasonthatalmostalways,patientswouldrushtothenearestmedicalfacilityfortreatment.Healthcarehasoftenbeenregardedasthemost“local”oftheservicesector.Butmedicaltourism,whichisthepracticeofpatientsseekingmedicaltreatmentinanothercountry,maynotnecessarilybetermed“tourism”altogether,forthehealthtravellersoftodayarenotmerelygoingabroadforhealthresortsandwellnessspas,butaretravellingthousandsofmilesawayfromhomeseekingthewholerangeofmedicaltreatmentandservices,includinginvasivetreatmentsuchashipreplacementsurgery,coronarybypassorevenorgantransplantsuchaslivertransplant(Vijaya,2010).Estimatesoftheeconomicpotentialoftheindustryindicatethatitisaphenomenonnottobeignored.Theoft-quotedDeloitte(2008)ReportonmedicaltourisminAsiaestimatestheindustrytogrowbymorethan20percentannually,andwouldbeworthaboutUSD4billionfortheAsianchapterby2012.Leahy(2008)estimatestheindustrytobeworthUSD60billionworldwide.
Ridingonthemedicaltourismwave,theMalaysiangovernmenthasidentifiedthehealthtravelindustryasoneofthestrategicopportunitiesundertheHealthcareNKEA(newkeyeconomicareas).Thiswillseemedicaltourismasakeydriverofeconomicactivitythathasthepotentialtocontributesignificantlytothecountry’seconomictransformationplan.Thecountryalreadyhastherightinfrastructureduetoitsstronghealth-caredeliverysystem,andtightcontroloverqualityassuranceofitsmedicalservices.Health-carestrategiesadoptedbythecountrysinceindependencehavebeensuccessfulinraisingthehealthstatusoftheMalaysianpopulation.ThecountryalsohasahighnumberofWestern-trainedphysiciansandMalaysiannursesarehighlyregardedandwell-soughtafterparticularlyintheMiddleEast.Medicaleducationandpractiseiswell-regulated,andtheMinistryofHealthcloselysupervisesbothpublicandprivatehealth-careservicesinthecountry.Malaysia’shealthindicatorssuchasinfantmortalityrateandlifeexpectancyarealsoatparwithmostdevelopedcountries.Thishasbuiltupthereputationofthecountryasacrediblehealth-careprovider.
Accreditationofhospitalsisalsowellstructuredinthecountry,whichiscarriedoutbytheMalaysianSocietyforQualityinHealth(MSQH).TheMSQHstandardsalsoaddressesstrategiesidentifiedundertheWHOWorldAllianceonPatientSafety,andtheMSQHHospitalAccreditationStandardshasalsobeencertifiedbyISQuaAccreditationCouncil,whichalsocertifiestheJointCommissionInternational(JCI)accreditationstandards.Thus,MalaysiaalreadyhasastrongfootingintheaccreditationofitshospitalsthroughMSQH.
ThegovernmenthasalsoestablishedtheMalaysianHealthcareTravelCouncil(MHTC),whichisaone-stopcentretopromotethecountry’smedicalservicesabroad.Althougharelativenewcomertotheindustry,theintensificationoftheindustrycanalreadybeseenfromtheincreasingnumberofinternationalpatientsintothecountry.In2002,thenumberofhealthtouristswas84,585witharevenueofRM35.9million;
butby2011,thenumberofinternationalpatientshadreached581,308withatotalrevenueofmorethanRM500million(MHTC,2012).ThetargetsetformedicaltourismundertheNinthMalaysiaPlanisforthecountrytogainatotalofRM2billioninforeignexchangefromthissector(EconomicPlanningUnit,2006).Thefollowingtablereflectsthegrowthoftheindustry,whichshowsthattheindustryhasbeengrowingatanimpressiverateof30percentannuallyaftertheglobaleconomicslowdownof2008/2009(TableI).
Literaturereview
Areviewoftheliteratureindicatesthatmedicaltourismisnotanewconceptborneoutoftheforcesofglobalisation.Infact,travellingabroadforhealthhashadalonghistorywherethewealthiersocialclasseswouldseekspas,mineralbathsandinnovativetreatmentinfavoureddestinationssuchasSwitzerlandandAustria.Apartfromthespasandhealthresorts,thetendencythenwasforpatientsfromlessdevelopedcountriestoseekmedicaltreatmentinEuropeortheUSA,wherethehealthfacilitiesarebetter-equippedandtechnologicallymoreadvanced.(Manafetal.,2011).However,oflate,therehasbeenareversalinthetrendwherebypatientsfromdevelopedcountriessuchasUSAandBritainaretravellingtodevelopingcountriessuchasThailandandIndiafortheirmedicalneeds(Volz,2008).Aconvergenceinaglobalstandardofhealthcarehasfacilitatedthemovementofpatients.Tothatextent,RickWade,theSeniorVicePresidentoftheAmericanHospitalAssociationhasbeenquotedassayingthat“hehasnodoubtthatsomeinternationalhospitalsarejustashigh-qualityastheirUSAcounterparts”(FriedandHarris,2007).
Therecentphenomenoninthecrisscrossingandglobe-trottingbehaviourofpatientsisunfathomable.Forexample,Thailand,astrongcontenderintheindustry,hasreceivedmorethanonemillionforeignpatientswhosoughttreatmentrangingfromexecutivehealthteststoinvasivesurgeries(Connell,2006).In2008,ThailandgeneratedUSD1.5billionfromitsmedicaltourismindustry(NaRanongandNaRanong,2011).ApartfromThailand,othercountrieswhicharereapingthebenefitofthefalloutofthehealthtravellersareMalaysia,SingaporeandIndiaforAsia;
HungaryandPolandforEasternEurope;
MaltaandCyprusfortheMediterranean;
SouthAfricaforAfrica;
CostaRica,Brazil,MexicoandCubaforCentralAmerica;
andDubaiandJordanfortheMiddleEast(Luntetal.,2010).
Toassurepotentialpatientsonthestandardofqualityofcare,medicaltourismhospitalsinthisregionleverageontheiroutcomemeasures.Singapore’sNationalHealthcareGroup,forexample,whichisaconglomerateofacutecareandspecialisthospitals,regularlypublishesresultsonoutcomemeasureswhichareofinternationalstandards.Amongothers,itreportsa100percentratefordispensingaspirinatdischargeforacutemyocardialinfarctionand0.6-2.2percent30-daymortalityrateforheartfailure(Dunn,2007).InIndia,theApolloGroupalsoliberallypublicisemilestonesoftheirhospitals.Apollohospitalsperform537liver,kidneyandhearttransplantin238days,makingitthesecondbusiesttransplantprogrammeintheworld.Theyhaveperformedover500livertransplantswithasuccessrateof90percent.Theyalsopublicisedtheirsuccessrateofhipreplacementsurgeryatmorethan98percent.OtherhealthoutcomeswerealsoliberallypublicisedbyApollo,aswellasthecredentialsoftheirspecialistdoctors().InThailand,theSpineInstituteatBumrungradHospital,alsopublicisedontheirWebsitethattheyhaveperformedspinale
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