四六级写作段落和篇章文档格式.docx
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四六级写作段落和篇章文档格式.docx
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下面介绍英语中几种常用的方法.
(一)时间顺序
按时间顺序写作就是按照事物发展在时间上的正常顺序或先后顺序展开段落.在讲述故事或回忆事件时,先发生的先写,后发生的后写.
【Example】MyheartgavealeapwhenIheardtheannouncementthatourtrainwouldsoonarriveatitsdestination—Beijing.Likeotherpassengers,Ibegantocollectmythingsandputmymug,towel,atlas,apples,andotherthingsintomybag.Tothetuneofabeautifulsongthetrainpulledintothestationandgentlystoppedbyaplatform.Iwalkedoutofthetrainandwascarriedforwardbythestreamofpeopleintoanundergroundpassageandthenintoabighall.AsIsteppedoutofthestation,IwasdazzledbythebrightautumnskiesofBeijing.ThoughIhadbeenonthetrainformorethanthirtyhoursandspentasleeplessnight,Ididn’tfeeltiredatall,andIbelievedmydaysinthisgloriouscitywouldbeassunnyastheskies.
(二)空间顺序
按空间顺序组织材料通常用于描述一个地方、事情或人物外貌等.其文章内容应按照由近及远、由远及近、自下而上、自上而下、按顺时针方向或逆时针方向排列,
【Example】Inthemiddleoftherectangular-shapedcourtyardstoodthreemagnoliatrees(),allinfullbloom.Alittlegirlwashoppingamongthem,nowgazingatabud,nowcollectingfallenpetals.Underoneofthetreesstoodherparents,who,whilekeepinganeyeonher,wereexaminingthesnowwhiteblossomswithgreatinterestandadmiration.Infrontofanothertreeayoungcouple,freshandbrightastheflowers,wereposingforapicture.Attheendofthecourtyardagroupofyoungstershadgatheredbehindanartistpaintingaflourishinglimb,whichlookedsocharmingandrealthataboystoopedtosniffatahalf-openflower.Attheoppositeendafewelderlymenandwomenstoodadmiringtheleaflessfloweringtreesandthepeoplelookingatthem.
(三)列举法
通过列举一系列的论据对主题句中的论点进行广泛、全面的陈述或解释,列举的顺序可按照所列各点的内容的相对重要性、时间、空间来排列,
【Example】
TheOtherSideofCityLife
Intheeyesofmanypeople,citylifeisattractivewithallitsadvantagesandconvenience,yettheydon’tseetheothersideofthepicture.First,withtheexpansionofthecity,housinghasbecomeaseriousproblemforcitypeople.Then,thereistheproblemofpollution:
harmfulgasesfromvehiclesandpoisonouswaterfromfactoriespolluteoursurroundings;
noisecontinuallydisturbsyourpeaceandrestanddrivesyoumad.Thirdly,moderncitylifeputsahighpressureuponpeople:
youhavetohurrytoandfromwork;
youhavetododgeinsoastoavoidbumpingintothefloodofpeople,bicycles,cars,buses…Alldaylongyouareundergreatstress.Fourthly,bigcitiesalsocausesomesocialproblems.Ofwhichhighcrimerateisthemostseriousone.Peoplearejustifiablyinfearofbecomingvictimsofburglary,robbery,murderandothercrimesatanytime.Theyshouldfindsomewaystocopewithalltheseproblems.
(四)举例法
在主题句中简要、概括地说明一个段落的主题思想之后,可以用具体的、生动的事例来支撑论证主题,向目标读者展示并使他们具体感受主题句中尚未展开的内容和细节.【Example】Thistermseveralusefulandinterestingcourseshavebeenoffered.AnIntroductiontoEuropeanCulture,forinstance,givesusalotofbackgroundknowledgeofthehistoryofEuropeanphilosophy,literature,andarts.Fromtimetotimeweseeslideshowsoffamouspaintingsandheartapesoffamouspiecesofmusic,andtheymakethelecturesallthemoreinteresting.AmericanSocietyandCultureisanothercoursethatattractsalargeaudience.Theteacher,whovisitedtheUnitedStatesnotlongago,discussesnewtrendsandchangesinAmericanlifeaswellasAmericanhistoryandtraditions.Weliketheseandothercoursesverymuch,becausetheyhelpusnotonlytoimproveourEnglishbutalsotobroaden/widenourvision/horizon.
(五)比较和对比
比较(comparison)主要是指出两个或两个以上不同种类的事物的共同点或相似之处,如人物、地点、事物、思想、观点等.对照(contrast)主要是指出它们的不同点.相同的或类似的特征可以组成比较,不同的特征则可以组成对照.不仅如此,比较和对比常常同时使用,这是因为比较中往往隐含着对比.
比较和对比常有两种形式,即整体比较和对比(block/holisticcomparisonandcontrast)与逐项比较(alternatingcomparison).
【Example】AlthoughUlyssesS.GrantandRobertE.LeewerefierceadversariesduringtheCivilWar,theirlives,bothmilitaryandnonmilitary,hasagreatdealincommon.GrantdescendedfromafamilywhosemembersparticipatedintheAmericanRevolution.HereceivedhiscommissionofsecondlieutenantfromWestPointandservedintheSpanish-AmericanWar.HewaslatersummonedbyPresidentLincolntoassumecommandoftheUnionForcesduringtheCivilWar.AftertheCivilWar,Grantsufferedfinancialproblemsandwasforcedtodeclarebankruptcy.LeealsodescendedfromafamilywhichengagedintheAmericanRevolution.He,too,receivedhiscommissionfromWestPointandlaterfoughtinMexicoduringtheSpanish-AmericanWar.HisfameasamilitarystrategistduringtheCivilWar,whenhewasthecommanderoftheConfederatearmies,iswellknown.Althoughitisnotalwayspointedoutbyhistorianshe,likeGrant,hadfinancialdifficultiesafterthecivilWarandwascompelledtodeclarebankruptcy.BysecuringapostaspresidentofWashingtonCollege,hewasabletoavoidadditionalpoverty.(整体比较)
Thesamequalitiesthatmakepeoplegoodhouseguestsmakethemgoodhospitalpatients.Goodhouseguestscanexpectareasonableamountofserviceandeffortontheirbehalf,andhospitalpatientscanalso.Guestshavetoadjusttowhatisforthemachange,andcertainlyhospitalpatientsmustdothesame.Nooneappreciatesacomplaining,unpleasant,unappreciativehouseguest,andthehospitalstaffisnoexception.Hoseguestswhoexpectvastchangestobemadefortheirbenefitarenotpopularforlong.Certainlynursesandotherpersonnelwiththeirroutinesfeelthesamewayaboutpatientsintheircare.Justashouseguestsmustmakeadjustmentstoenjoytheirvisits,sopatientsmustmakeadjustmentstomaketheirstaysreasonablypleasantandsatisfyingunderthecircumstances.(逐项比较)
(六)原因和结果
因果分析是常用的拓展段落的方法之一,一定要注意推理的逻辑性因果关系必须表达清楚,不能因果混淆,更不能因果倒置,要避免牵强附会和循环论证.一个原因可能造成一个或多个结果,也可能在一大段文章中涉及到一连串因果关系.一个结果也可能由多种原因所引起,通常先写结果,后写多种原因;
但也可先写原因后写结果.另外,如果强调原因或结果,可用倒装或强调句型加以突出.
【Example】ThesurgeofdemandforoilwillsoonbegintosendshockwavesthroughtheAmericaneconomyandtransportationsystem.Theimpactofthesetremorscanalreadybeanticipated:
totheconsumertheysignaltheendofalongloveaffairwiththecar,andtoDetroittheyofferanearlywarningthatits1985growthaimsaredangerouslyunrealistic.Unlessweexerciseforesightanddevisegrowth-limitspoliciesfortheautoindustry,eventswillthrustusintoacrisisthatwillleadtoasubstantialerosionofdomesticoilsupplyaswellastheindependenceitprovidesuswith,andalevelofpetroleumimportsthatcouldcostasmuchas$20to$30billionperyear.Moreover,wewouldstillbedepletingourremainingoilreservesatanunacceptablerate,andscramblingforpetroleumsubstitutes,withenormouspotentialdamagetotheenvironment.
(七)定义法
有时候为了避免混淆或误解,我们必须对一个词、一条术语或谚语、一个概念通过下定义加以说明、解释.通常有三种方法下定定义:
给出同义词、用一个带有定语从句的复合句或用一整段文章,而以第三种方法最为常用.1997年1月份四级考试的作文PracticeMakesPerfect就是一篇极为典型的定义型文章.
【Example】A“liberatedwoman”issimplyawomanwhocontrolsherownlife,ratherthanallowingittobecontrolledbyotherpeople,traditions,orexpectations.A“liberatedwoman”canbefoundpursuinganylineofwork,includinghousework,ornoworkatall.Shemayormaynotbemarried;
shemayormaynothavebornechildren.Shemaybelongtoanyrace;
shemayhaveattainedanyage.Sheneedhaveonlyonetraitincommonwithher“liberatedsisters”:
shemakesherownchoices,whethertheybethecolorsonherwallsortheadvanceddegreessheseeks.Sheactsofherownvolition,responsibletoherself,andnotoutoffearofwhathermother,lover,orneighbormightsay.
(八)分类法
所谓“分类”就是根据人物和事物的特征将他们/它们分别归入各自不同的范畴.在写这一类段落时,一定要抓住各个类别的典型特征,不要异类相串,混淆起来.
【Example】AccordingtoXiaoLi,thefifteenstudentsofhisclassfallintothreegroups.Sevenofthemworkhardandstudywell.Theyalwaysgetgoodmarksinexaminationsandareoftenpraisedbytheteachers.Licallsthem“goodstudents”.Themonitor,thesecretaryoftheYouthLeaguebranch,andthecaptainoftheclassvolleyballteam,arequickinfindingoutwhattheirfellowstudentsareinterestedinorwhattheyshoulddoasacollective.Theyalwaysorganizeproperactivitiesatthepropertime,soLicallsthem“goodorganizers”.Fourotherstudentsareverykindtotheirclassmates,alwaysreadytolendthemahelpinghand.Theyhelptocleantheclassroomandthecorridorevenwhentheyarenotonduty.Lisaysthattheyare“goodfellows”.“Whataboutyourself?
”someoneaskshim.“I’magroupbymyself—agoodobserver.”
二、从段到篇:
四种体裁
掌握了前面八种段落展开的“天龙八部”,在面对任何级别的英语考试的作文时,相信大家都可以从容落笔,应付如裕.不过,大家仍然要谋篇布局,从篇章的角度对自己要写的内容作宏观的整体上的把握,这就要求大家区分各种体裁,以采用不同的方法去应对.英语文章的体裁可分为四类,即:
1、记叙文(narration)
2、描述文(description)
3、说明文(exposition)
4、议论文(argumentation)
和中文无异.限于篇幅,在此就不一一举例详细论述,只说一下写作要领.
先说记叙文.所谓narration就是叙述一件事或一连串事件,像四级曾经考过的AMorningWalk(晨间漫步)即是一例.在写这类作文时,要注意以下几点:
首先,在一开始就要设定时间、地点、人物,一定要交代清楚;
其次,在讲述发生的事件本身时,要选取一些关键的细节,不要漫无边际或不着边际,而组织那些素材一般采用“时间顺序”亦即先发生的先写,后发生的后写,或用倒叙法,先讲结局,再从头描述经过.另外,要注意人称、时代的一致性.
再看描述型文章.所谓description就是用文字对一个人、一个地方、一件物体或一个场景进行描绘.在描述自己的印象时,一定要尽量选取那些有助于表现人物、场景的典型特征和突出特点,剔除那些枝蔓的零碎的细节.只有这样,才能使所描述的内容呼之欲出、跃然纸上,具有极大的表现力.
再谈谈说明文.这是四级考试中出现最为频繁的体裁,无论是AorB、AandB,还是Whytodo、Howtodo,或是图表型作文,都可归入此类.如果说描述文主要涉及外表和感受,记叙文主要涉及事件和经历,那么说明文则主要是关于过程和关系.举例来说吧,我们面前有一件物体,如果要对其外观进行描写,我们就要写成描述型的作文,如果要解释它是如何制作的,又是如何使用的,那就必须写成说明文;
我们可以讲述一个历史事件,到底发生了什么,何时何地发生,都有谁参与其中,那就是叙述,而要讨论该事件的前因后果,它的本质又是什么,以及在历史长河中的深远意义,那就必须写成说明文.前面所介绍的展开段落的方法,如分类法、定义法、比较和对比、举例法等等,大多数都可用于说明文的写作.
最后谈谈议论文.说明文是一种以阐释和解说为表达方式,用简洁、平实、通俗的语言,对事物的、事理的、人物的特性、情况、背景等所作的解释和介绍的文体,而议论文则是以议论为主要表达方式,以逻辑思维为主要思维方式,对现实生活中的现象和原理说长道短、论是斥非、阐明自己的立场和观点的一种文体,二者不可相混淆.说明是让人明白,而议论则要令人信服.论点要旗帜鲜明,论据要充分有力,论证要符合逻辑.就四级考试而言,真正意义上的议论文并不多见,即便是已经考过的议论文,如幸运数字、英语口试的必要性等,也较易处理,因此不再赘述.
需要强调的是,在四级考试中,往往是在同一篇文章
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