科技英语讲义摘要写作Word下载.docx
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科技英语讲义摘要写作Word下载.docx
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LectureObjectives
Aftercompletingthislecture,youshouldbeableto:
1.Distinguishdifferentcategoriesoftheabstract
2.Understandthegeneralstructureoftheabstract
3.Meetgeneralwritingrequirementsoftheabstract
DifferentCategoriesoftheAbstract
Anabstractisasuccinctsummaryofapieceofwork,usuallyacademicinnature.Itispublishedinisolationfromthemaintextandshouldthereforestandonitsownandbeunderstandablewithoutreferencetothewholepiece.Itshouldreporttheessentialfactsofthepaper,andshouldnotexaggerateorcontainmaterialthatisnotinthepaper.
Beingaself-containedentity,theabstractholdsacriticalrolecomparedwiththeotherpartsofthewholepaper.Anabstractisviewedasamini-versionofthepaper,summarizingthecontentofthemainbody.Awell-preparedabstractservesasausefultoolinsearchingforinformationandenablesreaderstoidentifythebasiccontentofapaperquicklyandaccurately,todetermineitsrelevancetotheirinterest,andfinallytodecidewhethertheyneedtoreadthepaperinitsentirety.
Abstractscanbegenerallyclassifiedintothreecategories:
descriptive,informational,andinformational-descriptive.
DescriptiveAbstract
Adescriptiveabstractusuallystatesthegeneralsubjectmatterofthepaper.Ittellsinanall-roundwaywhatthepapercontains.
Thefollowingisadescriptiveabstractincludingthebackground,topic,approach,conclusion,andsignificanceoftheresearch.Pleasenotethepartsinbold,whichhelpusunderstandtheideaandstructurebetter.
Ex.3-1
Abstract
Antibodiesplayacentralroleinimmunitybyforminganinterfacewiththeinnateimmunesystemand,typically,mediatingproinflammatoryactivity[background].Wedescribeanovelposttranslationalmodificationthatleadstoanti-inflammatoryactivityofantibodiesofimmunoglobulinG,isotype4(IgG4)[topic].IgG4antibodiesaredynamicmoleculesthatexchangeFabarmsbyswappingaheavychainandattachedlightchain(hall-molecule)withaheavy-tightchainpairfromanothermolecule,whichresultsinbispecificantibodies[approach].Mutagenesisstudiesrevealthatthethirdconstantdomainiscriticalforthisactivity.TheimpactofIgG4Fabarmexchangeisconfirmedinvivoinarhesusmonkeymodelwithexperimentalautoimmunemyastheniagravis[conclusion].IgG4Fabarmexchangeissuggestedtobeanimportantbiologicalmechanismthatprovidesthebasisfortheanti-inflammatoryactivityattributedtoIgG4antibodies[significance].
InformationalAbstract
Aninformationalabstracthighlightstheapproachandconclusionbrieflybutquantitatively.Itisacondensedversionoftheresearchwork.Insteadofindicatingthegeneralcontent,itshouldbespecificandquantitative,givingessentialdata.Thefollowingexampleshowshowthistypeofabstractshouldbestructured.
Ex.3-2
ThesystemanalysistheorywasusedtoestablishChinaTIMESmodelsystem(C-TMS)tostudyChina’sfuturelowcarbonenergydevelopmentstrategy[topic].Withreasonableassumptionofthefutureeconomicandsocialdevelopment,themodelsystemwasemployedtoinvestigateChina’sfinalandprimaryenergyconsumptionandmixfrom2010to2050,andanalyzetheshareofthenon-fossilfuelsintheprimaryenergyconsumptionin2020,thusproposingafuturelowcarbonenergydevelopmentstrategy[approach].TheresultsshowthatChina’senergyconsumptionwillmaintainsustainedandrapidgrowthbefore2020inbothreferencescenarioandpolicyscenario,withtheprimaryconsumptionin2020reaching4.91billiontonesand4.76billiontonesofcoalequivalent,respectively.Excludingnon-commodityfuels,non-fossilfuelswillaccountforover0.7billiontonesofcoalequivalentbycoalconsumptionofpowersupplyin2020,withtheshareofnon-fossilfuelsinprimaryenergybeing14.8percentinthepolicyscenario[conclusion].
Informational-descriptiveAbstract
Aninformational-descriptiveabstractisacombinedformthatbearsspecificinformationabouttheapproachandconclusionofthepaper.Thefollowingabstracthighlightstheresearchapproach(theoryexplorationandsurvey)ontheonehand,andemphasizestheconclusion(ninefactors)ontheother.
Ex.3-3
(1)
Thestudyofindividualdifference(ID)inEnglishasaForeignLanguage(EFL)hasattractedmoreattention[background].Thepaperfocusesonsomefactorsinpredictingsuccessamongnon-EnglishmajorcollegestudentsinspecificForeignLanguageLearning(FLL)contextinChina[topic].IncludedinthestudyaretheemploymentofthetheoriesofSecondLanguageAcquisition(SLA)andFLL,thedesignofthesurvey,thedatacollectioninTsinghuaUniversity,andtheanalysesofthedata[approach].TheresultsshowthatninefactorsplayamoreimportantroleinEFLlearningproficiency,namelygrowingenvironment,familyincome,overanxiety,extroversion,strongmotivation,lectureinstruction,functionalpractice,self-initiation,andmonitoringstrategies[conclusion].Theresearch,therefore,willhighlightnotonlytheimportanceofIDinEFLinChina,butalsothenecessityoftakingconcreteandeffectivemeasurestocatertolearner’sindividualneeds[significance].
BasicElementsofanAbstract
(1)AStatementoftheBackground
Astatementofthebackgroundisoftensummarizedintoonesentence,showingthebackgroundofthestudy.However,itisnotamustinaabstract.
(2)AStatementoftheTopic
Astatementofthetopic(orsubject/purpose/aim)usuallyboilsdowntoasinglesentence.Itstatesthesubjectofthepaper,indicatingitsscopeandobjectives.
(3)AStatementoftheApproach
Theapproachmightbeananalyticalmethod,adesigntechnique,atestingscheme,etc.Itisanecessarypartandshouldbeveryinformativewithmorethanonesentence.
(4)AStatementoftheConclusion
Thecontributionofapapermaybeatheoreticaloranexperimentalfinding,anewdesignwithimprovedproperties,arecommendedcourseofaction,etc.Theconclusionsummarizesthetheoreticalorexperimentalresult,andothersignificantitemsinthepaper.Itisregardedasoneofthecoreelementsofanabstract.
(5)AStatementoftheSignificance
Astatementofthesignificance(orcontribution)isnotnecessaryinallabstracts.Thewritermayormaynotoffertheinformation.
Insummary,anabstractconsistofthreecoreelements(topic,approach,andconclusion).Theinformationofresearchbackgroundandsignificancemayormaynotbeprovidedunlessyouthinkitverynecessary.Forinstance,youmayrestructureEx.3-3
(1)withouttheinformationofbackgroundandsignificance,whichisalsoacademic.
Ex.3-3
(2)
Thepaperfocusesonsomefactorsinpredictingsuccessamongnon-EnglishmajorcollegestudentsinspecificForeignLanguageLearning(FLL)contextinChina[topic].IncludedinthestudyaretheemploymentofthetheoriesofSecondLanguageAcquisition(SLA)andFLL,thedesignofthesurvey,thedatacollectioninTsinghuaUniversity,andtheanalysesofthedata[approach].TheresultsshowthattheninefactorsplayamoreimportantroleinEFLlearningproficiency,namelygrowingenvironment,familyincome,overanxiety,extroversion,strongmotivation,lectureinstruction,functionalpractice,self-initiation,andmonitoringstrategies[conclusion].
ExercisesandPractice
1.Workinpairsanddiscussthemajordifferencesbetweendescriptiveabstractandinformationalabstract.
2.Readthefollowingabstractscarefully,andanalyzethemintermsofcategories.
Abstract1
ThispapercomparesAmericanandChinesecampaignpracticesandrevealstheprominenceofcultureanditsimpactsupontheoperationofpubliccommunicationcampaigns.Specifically,thiscomparativestudyshowsthat,ChineseandAmericancampaignpracticesdifferin
(1)ideologiesandperceptions;
(2)approachesandstrategies;
and(3)implementationandevaluations.Inrunningthecampaigns,whileAmericansrelyheavilyonmassmediaandconcentrateonshort-termgoals,Chinesedependmoreoninterpersonalinfluencesandprimarilyonlong-termsocialeffects.Thesedifferencesincampaignpracticesarehoweverattributabletotheirrespectiveculturalorientations.
Abstract2
Thispaperdiscussesinasystematicwaygrammaticalanalysisandpresentationofgrammaticalinformationinbilingualdictionariesonfivelevels,i.e.wordclass,subclass,grammaticalforms,syntacticfeatures,andusage,followedbyanexplanationofhowtodisplaysyntacticpropertiesandfunctionsofwordsthroughcarefullychosenexamples.Ittreatsgrammaticalanalysisasanessentialprocessincorpusconstructionandexploresthepossibilityofpresentingmoregrammaticalinformationinelectronicbilingualdictionariesforthebenefitofforeignlanguageteachingandlearning.
Abstract3
Neuropathicfootulcerationisamajormedicalandeconomicproblemamongdiabeticpatients,andthetraditionaltreatmentinvolvesbedrestwithcompletefreedomfromweightbearing.Wehaveinvestigatedtheuseofwalkingplastercastsinthemanagementofsevendiabeticpatientswithlong-standing,chronicfootu
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