文化链接和写作复习重点春季学期Word格式文档下载.docx
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文化链接和写作复习重点春季学期Word格式文档下载.docx
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5.P215QuestionsforDiscussion2
6.P253QuestionsforDiscussion3
期末考试的第五大题名词解释(1个题目)出自以下的Partone中。
第一大题文化知识题主要出自以下的Partone和Parttwo中。
请尤其注意划线部分。
PartOne:
CultureLinksforTestPaper’sPartV(名词解释题)
1.AmericanDreamintwosenses
300yearsago,whentheBritishimmigrantssailedacrosstheAtlanticaboard"
Mayflower"
(五月花号)toMaryland,lookingforapieceof"
pureland"
forthePuritans(清教徒),"
AmericanDream"
hadstartedsproutingquietly.Americagiveseveryoneintheworldanequalopportunity.Aslongasyouworkhard,youcanrealizeyourdream.Now,300yearslater,thecountryhasbecomethelandofplenty,however,the"
AmericanDream"
hasnotdisappeared.Withthechangesofhistory,ithasgotmore"
connotations(内涵,含意)"
.Andthe"
hasbecomeanimportantpartofAmericanculture.
TheAmericanDreamcanbeunderstoodintwosenses.Inthebroadsense,itreferstotheAmericans’pursuitofvaluessuchasequality,freedom,democracy;
inthenarrowsense,itisakindoftrustthatintheUnitedStatesyouaresuretoobtainabetterlifeafteralonghardstruggle,or,inotherwords,throughyourownhardwork,courage,creativity,anddetermination,ratherthanrelyingonaparticularsocialclassandthehelpofothers,youcanachievesuccessandprosperity.
AmericanDreamhasbecomesopowerfulbecauseitisbuiltonarealisticbasis.ItnotonlyreflectstheAmericanideal,butalsoreflectstherealityoftheUnitedStates.Ifthereisnorealbasis,itwillbeunimaginableforittowinsupportamongsomanypeople.
Sincethefoundingofthenationin1776,generationsofAmericanshavehadafirmbeliefinthe"
AmericanDream“.FromthelogcabinboyLincolntoaKenyanblack’ssonObama,oneexampleafteranother,theyhavebeeninspiringAmericanpeopletoworkevenharder.Atthesametime,the"
AmericanDream"
hasbeeninspiringyoungpeoplearoundtheworldtocometothislandtocreatetheirownvalue,realizetheirowndream.AndtheUnitedStateshasthusbecomethecradleofglobalsuccess.
2.TheAmericanCivilWar
TheAmericanCivilWaristheonlycivilwarinAmericanhistory.ItisamilitaryconflictbetweentheUnitedStatesofAmerica(theUnion)andtheConfederateStatesofAmerica(theConfederacy)from1861to1865.
TheAmericanCivilWarbeganonApril12,1861,whenConfederatearmyopenedfireonFortSumter(萨姆特堡)inCharlestonHarbor,SouthCarolina,andlasteduntilMay26,1865,whenthelastConfederatearmysurrendered.
Thechiefandimmediatecauseofthewarwasslavery.Southernstatesdependedonslaverytosupporttheireconomy.Southernersusedslavelabortoproducecrops,especiallycotton.In1861whentheanti-slaverypoliticianLincolntookofficeasPresident,11southernstatessecededoneafteranotherfromtheUnionandformedtheConfederacy.OnApril12,1861,theirarmyopenedfireonFortSumterandtheCivilWarbegan.Forthesakeofsafeguardingtheunityofthecountry,LincolnledtheFederalgovernmenttofightresolutelyagainsttheslaveownersintheSouth.Butonlyafter4yearsofbloodybattlesdidthewarcometoanendatlastwhenthelastConfederatearmysurrendered.
TheAmericanCivilWarhashadafar-reachinginfluenceontheUnitedStates.ThankstotheWar,theUnionwassavedandtheslaverysystemcametoitsend,whichhaspavedthewayforthedevelopmentofAmerica’scapitalism.AndatthesametimeithastaughttheAmericanpeoplealesson.FromthehorrificcasualtiesofthetwosidesoftheWar,theAmericanpeoplehavecometorealizethat,nomatteritbeafamilyoracountry,thereisnowinnerifbrothersfightagainsteachother.Therefore,theyvalueunityallthemore.AndafterthattherehasneverbeenacivilwarintheUS.
3.Thegoverningconceptof“governmentofthe
people,bythepeopleandforthepeople”
InthisGettysburgaddress,Lincolnsetforthhisgoverningconceptinabriefandclearmanner,whichisacorrectunderstandingandaccurateorientationoftherelationshipbetweengovernmentandpeople.AndthisisactuallythegoverningconceptabidedbyalltheadministrationsintheUS,thatis,governmentmustbeagovernmentofthepeople,bythepeopleandforthepeople.Thisconceptisbriefandconcisebutwithprofoundconnotationsandfar-reachingsignificance.Here,Lincolnusedthreeprepositionstovividlydescribethenatureofgovernment:
of:
referstoaffiliation(归属),statingthatgovernmentisaffiliatedtopeople,nottheopposite.
by:
referstodoers,statingthat,fundamentallyspeaking,allgovernmentpowerisimplementedby
thepeople(orrepresentativeselectedbythem).Governmentofficialsare,sotospeak,elected
bythepeopletoimplementtheexecutivepoweronbehalfthepeople.
for:
referstogoal,meaningthatgovernmenthasthegoalofthepeopleastheirgoal,notthe
opposite.
Intheconcept“ofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople”,themostimportantis“bythepeople”.Withoutit,“ofthepeople”and“forthepeople”wouldhavelostitsbasis.Totestifagovernmentisreally“agovernmentofthepeopleandforthepeople”,theonlycriterionistoseeifitisgoverned“bythepeople”,i.e.whetherthegovernmentpowerisimplementedbyrepresentatives“really”electedbythepeople.
4.IsolationismintheUnitedStates
IsolationismintheUnitedStatesisalong-standingdiplomaticprincipleinAmericandiplomatichistory.Thisprinciple,establishedbyGeorgeWashington,formedintheearlyyearsoftheRepublic,hasbeenthebasisforforeignpoliciesimplementedbytheUnitedStatesforalongtime.Butisolationismhasneverbeenapolicyofisolatingitselffromtheoutsideworld.TheaimofthisprinciplewastopreventthestillfledglingnationfrominvolvingintoEuropeanaffairssothatitcouldsurviveanddevelopinapeacefulenvironment.
Isolationismwasasuccessfulandwisechoiceforthenewly-establishednation,helpingittowinthetimefordevelopment,expanditsterritory.ThispolicyhasalsolaidanimportantfoundationforthesteadyandrapiddevelopmentoftheUnitedStatesinthelatenineteenthcentury.
Thisdiplomaticprinciplecontinueduntilthemid-1930s.InAugust1935,theUSCongresspassedtheNeutralityActs,fullyreflectingtheAmericanisolationistprinciple.ItwasnotuntilaftertheoutbreakoftheSecondWorldWarthattheUSisolationistdiplomaticprinciplebegantochangegraduallyundertheeffortsofPresidentFranklinRoosevelt.TheexperienceofWorldWarIIchangedAmericanattitudestowardisolationism.TheUnitedStatesrecognizedthattobesafeitneededallies.Asaresult,thecountry’spostwarpolicywasbasedoninternationalcooperationandcollectivesecurity.
5.TheGreatDepressionandtheNewDeal
WhenRooseveltwasinauguratedMarch4,1933,theU.S.wasatthenadir(最低点)oftheworstdepressioninitshistory.Aquarteroftheworkforcewasunemployed.Farmerswereindeeptroubleaspricesfellby60%.Industrialproductionhadfallenbymorethanhalfsince1929.Twomillionwerehomeless.BytheeveningofMarch4,32ofthe48states–aswellastheDistrictofColumbia–hadclosedtheirbanks.
Thenewpresident,FranklinRoosevelt,broughtanairofconfidenceandoptimismthatquicklyralliedthepeopletothebannerofhisprogram,knownastheNewDeal.TheNewDealwasaseriesofeconomicprogramsenactedintheUnitedStatesbetween1933and1936.TheyinvolvedpresidentialexecutiveordersorlawspassedbyCongressduringthefirsttermofPresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt.TheprogramswereinresponsetotheGreatDepression,andfocusedonwhathistorianscallthe"
3Rs"
:
Relief,Recovery,andReform.Reliefwasurgentlyneededbytensofmillionsofunemployed.Recoverymeantboostingtheeconomybacktonormal.Reformmeantlong-termfixesofwhatwaswrong,especiallywiththefinancialandbankingsystems.
Roosevelt'
sNewDealreshapedtheeconomyandstructureoftheUnitedStates,easedtheeconomiccrisisandsocialproblemscausedbythetheDepression.Ittransformedbasiceconomicprinciplesofeconomicsfromalaissezfaire(自由放任的)capitalistsocietytoamanagedeconomicsystem..TheseprogramsprovedtobeeffectiveandextremelybeneficialtotheAmericansocietyassomestillprovidetheeconomicsecurityandbenefitstoday.
6.Lend-LeaseAct
Lend-LeaseActwastheprogramenactedin1941,underwhichAmericasuppliedtheanti-fascistcountriesandtheAlliednationswithmateriel(战争物资).
TheoutbreakoftheSecondWorldWarmadeAmericagraduallythreatenedbytheinvasionandexpansionofNaziGermany.Americadecidedtoprovidemoresupplytostruggling,cash-strappedBritainsoastomaintainthesecurityanddefenseofAmerica,expanditssphereofinfluenceandmeanwhileguaranteetheleadingpositionofAmericaintheworldaftertheworldwar.
OnDecember17th,1940,PresidentRooseveltdeliveredaspeech,inwhichhementionedthatAmericacouldlendmunitions(军火).OnMarch11th,1941Lend-LeaseActformallywentintoeffect.Theprogramauthorizedthepresidenttoprovidearms,militarysupplies,etc.Underthislegislation,Americaprovidedupto50billionworthofsuppliestodozensofanti-fascistcountriessuchasUnitedKingdomandtheSovietUnion,FranceandChina,etc.UnitedKingdomwasthenationwhichgotthefirstandmostsupply.Theprogramterminated(结束)whenWorldWarIIcametoanend.
Lend-leaseprogramputanendtotheNeutralityActs(中立法案)andwasadecisivestepawayfromtheisolationistpolicy.Itbroketheconventionthat
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