红葡萄酒中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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红葡萄酒中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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红葡萄酒中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
英文文献:
Redwineconsumptionincreasesantioxidantstatusanddecreasesoxidativestressinthecirculationofbothyoungandoldhumans
Background:
Redwinecontainsanaturallyrichsourceofantioxidants,whichmayprotectthebodyfromoxidativestress,adeterminantofage-relateddisease.Thecurrentstudysetouttodeterminetheinvivoeffectsofmoderateredwineconsumptiononantioxidantstatusandoxidativestressinthecirculation.
Methods:
20young(18–30yrs)and20older(≥50yrs)volunteerswererecruited.Eachagegroupwasrandomlydividedintotreatmentsubjectswhoconsumed400mL/dayofredwinefortwoweeks,orcontrolsubjectswhoabstainedfromalcoholfortwoweeks,afterwhichtheycrossedoverintotheothergroup.Bloodsampleswerecollectedbeforeandafterredwineconsumptionandwereusedforanalysisofwholebloodglutathione(GSH),plasmamalondialdehyde(MDA)andserumtotalantioxidantstatus.
Results:
Resultsfromthisstudyshowconsumptionofredwineinducedsignificantincreasesinplasmatotalantioxidantstatus(P<0.03),andsignificantdecreasesinplasmaMDA(P<0.001)andGSH(P<0.004)inyoungandoldsubjects.Theresultsshowthattheconsumptionof400mL/dayofredwinefortwoweeks,significantlyincreasesantioxidantstatusanddecreasesoxidativestressinthecirculation.
Conclusion:
Itmaybeimpliedfromthisdatathatredwineprovidesgeneraloxidativeprotectionandtolipidsystemsincirculationviatheincreaseinantioxidantstatus.
Background
Effortstodefinetheroleofnutritioninhealthhavecapturedresearcher'sinterestinantioxidantsandtheircapacitytoprotectthebodyfromdamageinducedbyoxidativestress.Extensiveresearchhasdemonstratedtheprotectivepropertiesofantioxidants,whichscavengereactiveoxygenspecies(ROS)andtheirprecursors,aswellasup-regulateenzymesinvolvedintherepairofcellulardamage.Redwinecontainsarichsourceofalargenumberofantioxidants,namelythephenolicacidsandpolyphenols,whichprovideitwithitsprotectiveredoxpotential.
Epidemiologicalstudieshaveshownthatdespitethehighintakeofsaturatedfattyacidswithinthedietsofsomepopulations,areducedmortalityratefromcardiovasculardiseaseisattributedtothehighconsumptionofredwine,independentofitsalcoholcontent,the‘FrenchParadox’.Studiesalsoindicatethatsub-populationsalreadyatahighriskofcoronaryheartdisease(CHD)(i.e.elderly)maypotentiallyexperienceagreaterbeneficialeffectfrommoderatewineconsumption[5].Moderateconsumptionofredwinehasalsobeenshowntoretardorslowtheplasmaclearanceofhighdensitylipoproteins(HDL),anegativeriskfactorforthedevelopmentofcardiovasculardisease(CVD).Indoingso,apositivecorrelationbetweenHDLparticlesandmoderateredwineintakebecomesevident.Furthermore,theincubationoflowdensitylipoproteinsLDL)invaryingconcentrationsofredandwhitewineshoweda50%declineinoxidationatconcentrationsof0.04and0.7mg/ethanol/mLrespectively,uptoaconcentrationof1.0mg/mL.TheseresultsindicatethatredwineinhibitscellmediatedLDLoxidationmoreefficientlythenwhitewineandatmuchlowerconcentrations.
Toinvestigatefurther,therelationshipbetweenredwineconsumptionandoxidativedamageinhumanshasbeenstudiedbyGreenrodandFenech,inaseriesofinvitroandexvivostudydesigns.Theydemonstratedastrong(>70%)reductioninH2O2inducedgeneticdamageafter1hourpostconsumptionof300mLofredwine.ThesefindingsarealsosupportedbyasimilarstudybySzetoandBenzie,showingthatDNAdamagewassignificantlyreducedinaH2O2challenge,withtreatmentofcaffeicacid,apolyphenolfoundinredwine.
Oxidativedamagetoarangeofbiomoleculesisofparticularinteresttoresearchers.Thetripeptideglutathione(GSH)functionsasanantioxidant,whichscavengesfreeradicalspeciesincirculation.GSHisoxidizedastheenzymeglutathioneperoxidasecatalyzesthedegradationofH2O2.IncreasingevidencedemonstratesGSHplaysanintegralroleintheprotectionagainstoxidativestressinthecirculationduetoitsabilitytofacilitatetherecyclingofoxidizedα-tocopherolandascorbicacid,twoimportantantioxidantsinthecirculationandiswidelyusedasabiomarkerofcirculatingantioxidantlevels.WithinplasmafattyacidresiduesofphospholipidsandLDL,areextremelysusceptibletooxidativedamagebyfreeradicalintermediatesresultinginoxidizedfattyacidsandperoxidationbyproducts,suchasconjugateddiennes(CD)andmalondialdehyde(MDA)derivatives.MDAappearstobeoneofthemosttoxicandmutagenicaldehydesgeneratedbylipidperoxidationofpolyunsaturatedfattyacidsofcellmembranes.Itisalsoapopularmeasurementusedtoquantifytheeffectsofradicaldamagetocellularlipids.
AlargebodyofevidencewhichindicatesthatfreeradicalproductioncandirectlyorindirectlyplayamajorroleincellularprocessesimplicatedinatherosclerosisandCVD,.Thereforetheaimofthisstudywerefirstlytounderstandhowmoderateredwineconsumption(400ml/day)fortwoweekseffectedcirculatinglipids,antioxidantlevelandtotalantioxidantcapacityinthecirculationandsecondlyassessthedifferencesinbioefficacyofredwineinyoungandolderpopulations.
Methods
Recruitmentofvolunteers
ThisstudyprotocolwasapprovedbytheHumanResearchEthicsCommitteeofVictoriaUniversity(HRETH.SET15/05).Fortyvolunteerswereselectedbasedupontheirresponsestoageneralhealthquestionnaireandaftergivingwritteninformedconsent.Thosewhoweretakinganyanti-coagulantoranti-inflammatorymedicationsorhadahistoryofcardiovascularorliverdiseasewereexcluded.Twoagegroupswereselected,thesewere20volunteersagedbetween18–30yearsold(younggroup)and20volunteersagedolderthen50yearsold(oldergroup).Volunteerswererandomlyassignedtobeginintheredwineorcontrolgroupwithintheirrespectiveagegroup(Figure1).
Interventiondesign
Priortodrinkingtheredwineorcontrolperiodvolunteerswereaskedtoabstainfromconsuminganyalcohol,grapesorgrapeproductsforoneweek.Afterthisoneweekleadinsubjectshadthree10mLtubesoffastingbloodcollectedviavenipuncturetodeterminebaselinemeasuresofMDA,GSH,andtotalantioxidantcapacityandBMI(kg/m2)calculated,afterwhichtheybegantheredwineorcontrolperiod.Duringtheredwineperiodparticipantsconsumed400mLofredwineeachday(CabernetSauvignon)overaperiodoftwoconsecutiveweeksandabstainedfromotheralcohol,grapesorgrapeproducts.Aplacebosuchasalcoholfreewinewasnotusedduetodifficultiesinmatchingtheflavourandmouthfeeloftheredwineused.Insteadacrossoverdesignwasusedwherebyaftercompletingeithertheredwineorcontrolperiodvolunteersweregivenatwoweekwashoutperiodbeforecrossingoverintotheothergroup.Duringthecontrolperiodvolunteersabstainedfromconsuminganysourceofalcohol,grapesorgrapeproductsfortwoweeks.Three10mLtubesoffastingbloodwereagaincollectedafterthetreatmentorcontrolphase(seeFigure1).Participantswerealsoencouragedtomaintaintheirusualdietandexercisehabitsthroughouttheentirestudyphasewhichwasmonitoredbyparticipantskeepingafoodandactivitydiarybeforeandduringthestudy.Therewerenospecificinstructionsgiventoavoidfoodscontaininglargeamountsofphenoliccompounds,otherthanabstainfromconsuminganyalcohol,grapesorgrapeproductsaspreviouslydescribed.
Winesupplementation
TheredwineusedthroughoutthisstudywasaCabernetSauvignon,suppliedasacaskwinetopreventtheoxidationofthewine.Thisstylewaschosensinceitisknowntobepalatabletomostpeopleandtothevolunteersinthestudy.Participantsconsumedthewineatanytimeduringtheday,however,itwassuggestedthattheydosoatatimewhentheywouldnormallyconsumealcohol(e.g.withaneveningmeal).Importantly,duringtheperiodofsupplementationparticipantswereaskedtorefrainfromconsuminganyothersourcesofalcohol,grapesorgrapeproducts.
Winecomposition
Theconcentrationsoftotalanthocyanins,degreeofanthocyaninionisation,totalphenoliccompounds,redwinecolour(densityandhue)andtwoindicesprovidingameasureofpolymerisationofmonomericforms(Chemicalageindex#1and#2)weredeterminedbyspectrophotometricmethods.DeterminationoftheconcentrationoffreeandboundsulphurdioxideinthewinewasmadeusingthemethodofRankineandPocock.Alcoholcontentwasprovidedbythewineproducer.ThecompositionofthewineusedinthisstudywasanalysedcanbeseeninTable1.Allcomponentsofthewineusedinthisstudy,exceptforredwinecolour–hueandfreesulfurdioxide,wereslightlyhigherthantheredwineusedinastudybyGreenrodetal.
Analysesofglutathione
Glutathionewasmeasuredasitisanimportantantioxidantinthecirculationusingacommerciallyavailablecolorimetrickit(NorthwestLifeSciences)basedonthemethodofTeitzefollowingthemanufacturesinstructions.BloodwascollectedviavenipunctureusingEDTAcoatedtubesandstoredat4°C.Wholebloodsampleswerethendeproteinatedmixingaliquotswith100ulofcold5%metaphosphoricacidfollowedbycentrifugationat1500×gfor5min,thesupernatantwasthenremovedandstoredat-20°Cawaitingfurtheranalysis.AllsampleswerethenassayedforreducedGSHasabatch.Thisinvolvedmixing50μLofcalibratorsorsampleswith50μLDTNBreagentand50μLglutathionereductasereagentinthewellsofmicroplate.Thisreactionmixwasthenincubatedatambienttemperaturefor3mi
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