The Economic GoalsWord文档下载推荐.docx
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3~4………………………………………………………………a:
Growth
4….……………………………………………………b:
FullEmployment
4~5....……………………………………………………..c:
PriceStability
6~9……………………………………AnalysisofCanada(10yearsdata)
6~7………………………………………………………………a:
8~9……………………………………………………b:
10~11…………………….………………………………….c:
11~12………………..…………………………………………Conclusion
ii……………………………………………………………….References
Threeeconomicgoals
Introduction
Nowadays,theworld'
seconomyisneveridletimetochange.Sincefactorsofproduction(labor,capital,land,technology,andentrepreneurship)arenotavailableinunlimitedamounts,individualsandleadersofcountriesareforcedtomakechoicesastotheuseofexistingfactors.Asaresult,therearemanygoalsthatcanbeusedtoguidedecisionmakers.Formacroeconomic,threeconditionsofthemixedeconomy,includingeconomicgrowth,fullemployment,pricestabilitywhicharethemostrelevanttotheaggregateeconomy.
EconomicgrowthisdefinedaspositiverateofchangeinrealGDP.Economicgrowthisachievedbyincreasingtheeconomy'
sabilitytoproducegoodsandservices.Witheconomicgrowth,societygetsmoregoodsthatcanbeusedtosatisfymorewantsandneeds.Aspereconomicanalysisinworldinrecentyears,growthratehasdeclinedinnationsbasedmainlyonindustries.Itisbecauseoftheuncertaintiesinfinancialmarketsthatgrowthratesgotloweredinmostofdevelopingnations.Confidenceofconsumershasalsodepreciatedtoasignificantextent.
Thefullemploymentgoalcanbedescribedconceptuallyasasituationwhereanyonewhowishestoworkcanfindajob,anyonewhoownslandcanputittouseandreceiveafairreturn.Theeconomybenefitsfromfullemploymentbecauseresourcesproducethegoodsthatsatisfythewandsandneedsthatlessenthescarcityproblem.Themeasureusedtoassesscompliancewiththiseconomicgoalforlaboristheunemploymentrate.Theunemploymentrateisaratiowiththenumeratorbeingthenumberofpeopleseekingwork,butnotfindingit(unsuccessfuljobseekers).Theeconomyexpands,unemploymentfall,andfullemploymentisachieved,butinflationemergesfromtheoverstimulatedeconomy.Theunemploymentrateaswasfoundbyglobaleconomicanalysiswasfoundtobe30%,whichcombinesunemploymentandunderemployment.
Pricestabilityisdefinedastheabsenceof“excessive”inflationwhichdefinedasanincreaseinaveragepricesinaneconomy.Maintainingstabilityisbeneficialbecauseitmeansconsumersandbusinesscansafetypursuelong-termconsumptionandproductionplans?
Somecountrieshavespecificallystatedtargetsforinflationtoachievethesegoals,butnotcatholicallyinfluenced.[1]
AsforCanada,thisisabigdevelopedcountrywiththe12thaverageGDPintheworld.Itistypicalandsignificant.Itseconomyischangingallthetime.ItsGDPwentdowninthefollowingyears.ItcannotachievetheGDPgoals.Asitisfortheemploymentrate,itdecreasesrecently.Howevertheunemploymentratewillcontinuetoriseappreciably,butthedomesticresidentswillalsobeoverthenextfewyearsinCanada,sufferingfromweaknessinthelabormarketimpact.Through2007,Canadaexperiencedstronggrowth,pricestability,fiscalandcurrentaccountsurpluses,historicallylowunemployment,andfinancialstability.Whereastherateofpricestabilityisbeinglowerandlower.
Ourobjectiveistomakesuretheeconomicgoalswhetherit’sachievedornotthroughanalyzingthedataofthechosencountry.Andrelatetotheworldeconomy.Asaresult,wemaytakeactiontoachievetheeconomicgoals.
Economicgoals(howtomeasure)
Accordingtothethreegoals:
growth,fullemployment,pricestability.Economistsusemanymethodstomeasurehowfasttheeconomicgrowingis.Therearethreemainmethods…
Onewaytomeasuretheeconomicgrowthismeasuredbygrossdomesticproduct(GDP).EconomicgrowthisdefinedaspositiverateofchangeinrealGDP.GDPrefertogrossdomesticproductandtheword"
real"
meansthatthetotalhasbeenadjustedtoremovetheeffectsofinflation.AsatisfactoryrateofeconomicgrowthisonewherepositivepercapitaratesofgrowthinrealGDPtakeplace.Thatis,theeconomygrowsfasterthanthepopulation,increasingstandardsoflivingforindividualsinaneconomy.Inpracticalterms,percapitaeconomicgrowthshouldbearound1to1.5%forasatisfactorygrowthrate,mosteconomistssaid.Inmanycases,populationgrowthisignoredtosomeextent.Inthosecases,asatisfactoryrateofgrowthmightbearound3%-arateofgrowththattheUnitedStateshasremarkablyaveragedforover200years
Inmanyimportantwaysthatcandetermineeconomicgrowth.First,economicgrowthdependsonincreasesinlabor(quantityandquality,especiallyquality),stockofcapital,availabilityofnaturalresourcesandtechnology.Notmentionedinmanydiscussionsofeconomicgrowthistheneedforatleastsomefreemarketsandprivateproperty.ThetremendousproblemsintheoldSovietUnioncountriesdemonstratesthisneed.Finally,yourinstructorwillsuggestthateffortstominimizegraftandcorruptionamonggovernmentalofficialswhichisaveryimportantpartofpromotingandmaintainingeconomicgrowth.
ThereareatleastthreedifferentwaystomeasuregrowthofrealGDP.Itisimportanttoknowwhichisbeingused,andtounderstandthedifferencesamongthem.ThethreemostcommonwaystomeasurerealGDPare:
∙Quarterlygrowthatanannualrate
∙Thefour-quarteror"
year-over-year"
growthrate
∙Theannualaveragegrowthrate
Andtheothereconomicgoalisfullemployment.Thisgoalcanbedescribedconceptuallyasasituationwhereanyonewhowishestoworkcanfindajob,anyonethatownsapieceofcapitalcanputittoworkata“fair”returnandanyonewhoownslandcanputittouseandreceiveafairreturn.
Althoughmanydevelopedcountrieseconomichaveleastandleastunemployed.Butatanytime,someindividualsaremovingfromjobtojob.Thissituationiscalledfrictionalunemployment.But,thefrictionalunemploymentrateisassociatedwithafullemploymentrateofunemployment.Wedenoteitasu*.Theestimatesofthisnumbervary,butitisprobablyaround4%intheUnitedStates.Clearly,alowuisdesirableinanyeconomy.Ahighuisundesirable.InthedepthsoftheGreatDepressionoftheUnitedStates,uwas25%fortwoyears.
Sowecansayitisfullemploymentwhentheunemploymentlessthan5percent.
ThethirdeconomicgoalisPriceStability.Pricestabilityisdefinedastheabsenceof“excessive”inflation.IntheUnitedStatesandmostothercountries,aConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)isusedasameasureofinflation.Thisgoalisindicatedbymonth-to-monthandyear-to-yearchangesinvariouseconomicmeasures.Iftheseremainunchanged,thenstabilityisathand.Maintainingstabilityisbeneficialbecauseitmeansuncertaintyanddisruptionsintheeconomyareavoided.Itmeansconsumersandbusinessescansafelypursuelong-termconsumptionandproductionplans.Policymakersareusuallymostconcernedwithpricestabilityandtheinflationrate.Pricestabilityisdefinedastheabsenceof“excessive”inflation.Letusdefineinflationfirst.Inflationisdefinedasanincreaseinaveragepricesinaneconomy.Theactualmeasureofinflationistheinflationrateasdeterminedbyapriceindex.IntheUnitedStatesandmostothercountries,aConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)isusedasameasureofinflation.TheCPIinanygivenperiodshowstheaveragepricesofa“typical”setofgoodsboughtbyconsumersrelativetosomebaseperiod.TherateofchangeoftheCPIfromperiodtoperiodisusedtomeasuretherateofinflation.Changesmaybepositive(thetypicalcase)orzeroornegative.OtherpriceindexesintheU.S.aretheproducers’priceindex(PPI)andtheGDPdeflator.
Considertherangeofpossibleinflationrates.Onecouldhavenegativeinflationor“deflation.”ThishasoccurredrecentlyintheUnitedStatesforseveralmonthlyperiods.DuringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStatesinthe1930’s,adeflationofover20%intheCPIoccurredfrom1929to1932.Azerorateofinflationisapossibility.Mildinflation(intheUnitedStates)wouldbe0to4%.Moderateinflationwouldbeupto10%.Gallopinginflationisprobablyupto25%intheUS,butmightbeupto100%insomecountrieswithhighinflationrates.Hyperinflationwouldbeatgreaterthan100%andintothousands%.Somecountriesoftheworldarenowexperiencinghyperinflations.Argentina,BrazilandIsraelhaveexperiencedinflationratesofgreaterthan400%atdifferenttimesrecently.Considertheconceptof“excessive”regardinginflation.Ifinflationisatx%,butincomegrowsatx%,theninflationisnotcausingtheindividual’spurchasingpowertochange.Xcouldbeaverylargenumbersuchas100%andanindividualmightnotthinkitwasexcessive.However,thereareadverseoverallmacroeconomiceffectswhenhighinflationtakesplace.Highinflationcreatesuncertaintytobusinessfirms.Thus,theyarereluctanttocarryoutcapitalpurchasesinsuchcases.Thisadverselyaffectsaneconomybyreducingeconomicgrowth.[2][3]
AnalysisofCanada(10yearsdata)
Canadaisabigdevelopedcountrywiththe12thaverageGDPintheworld.
ForitsGDP
InthesamewayaccordingtotheGDPchartanalysis,wecouldgetthatin1999GDPishighest.Butinthefollowingtwoyearsitwentdownyet.Stillin2001itstartedtogoup.Andfrom2005totodayitgotdownever.
“Theperiodaheadwillbechallenginginlightofthesharpdet
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