自考英语《英语国家概况》冲刺练习汇总Word文件下载.docx

自考英语《英语国家概况》冲刺练习汇总Word文件下载.docx

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Theelectionof1979returnedtheConservativePartytopowerandMargaretThatcherbecamethefirstwomanprimeministerinBritain.Herpoliciesarepopularlyreferredtoasstate-ownedindustries,theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation,theweakingoftradeforcesunions,thestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy,andanemphasisonlawandorder.

包括国有工业私有化，用货币政策控制通货膨胀，削弱工会，加强市场力量在经济中的作用，强调法律与秩序。

41.balanceofpayments收支平衡

itisthedifferencebetweenthemoneyfromexportsandthecostofimports.

42.johnMaynardKeynes

hewasaninfluentialbritisheconomist.Keynesmaintainedthatgovernmentsshouldusefiscalpolicytostabilizetheeconomy.

用财政使经济稳定.<

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43.visibletradeandinvisibletrade

visibletradeistradeofgoodssuchasmachineswhileinvisibletradeistradeofservicessuchasbankingandtourism.

44.Europeanunion欧盟

ECstandsforEuropeancommunity.ECisnowcalledEuropeanunion（EU）.itisanorganizationof15westernEuropeancountriesthatpromotescooperationamongitsmembers.

45.Monetaristpolicies（货币主义政策）

SincetheAmericaneconomywasplaguedbystagflation,intheearly1980s,thetraditionalKeynesiantheory（传统的凯恩斯理论）wasreplacedbynewmonetarist,whichsoughttofightinflationbyincreasingsupplyandreducingdemand,Ononehand,taxeswerecuttoincreaseeconomicdynamism.Ontheotherhand,interestrateswereraisedtoreducethesupplyofmoney.

增加供应，减少需求来打击通货膨胀。

一方面，减少税收增加经济活力；

另一方面，增加利率减少货币支出。

46.TheTradeUnionActof1871工会法

Itlegalizedthetradeunionsandgivefinancialsecurity.Itmeantthatinlawtherewasnodifferencebetweenmoneyforbeneficpurposesandcollectingittosupportstrikeaction.使工会合法化，并给其财政保障。

这意味着从法律上而言，为福利募集资金与为罢工募集资金毫无二至。

47.Agribusiness农业产业

Thenewfarminghasbeencalled“agribusiness”,becauseitisequippedandmanagedlikeanindustrialbusinesswithasetofinputsintotheprocesseswhichoccuronthefarmandoutputsorproductswhichleavethefarm

48.Britishdisease英国病

Theterm“Britishdisease”isnowoftenusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdecline.

49.Constitutionalmonarchy君主立宪制

ItisapoliticalsystemthathasbeenpractisedinBritainsincetheGloriousrevolutionof1688.Accordingtothissystem,theConstitutionissuperiortotheMonarch.Inlaw,theMonarchhasmanysupremepowers,butinpractice,therealpowerofmonarchyhasbeengreatlyreducedandtodaytheQueenactssolelyontheadviceofherministers.Shereignsbutdoesnotrule.TherealpowerliesintheParliament,ortobeexact,intheHouseofCommons.

50.PrivyCouncil枢密院

AconsultativebodyoftheBritishmonarch.ItsorigincanbetracedbacktothetimesoftheNormanKings.AftertheGloriousRevolutionof1688,itsimportancewasgraduallydiminishedandreplacedbytheCabinet.Today,itisstillaconsultationbodyoftheBritishmonarch,Itsmembershipisabout400,andincludesalCabinetministers,thespeakeroftheHouseofCommons,theArchbishopsofCanterburyandYork,andseniorBritishandCommonwealthstatesmen.

51.Commonlaw

thetraditionalunwrittenlawofEngland,basedoncustomandthedecisionsofjudgesoveraperiodofyearsratherthanonwrittenlawspassedbyparliament.

英国的不成文法，以法官的判断和习惯为依据，而不以议会的成文法为依据。

52.thestateopeningofparliament

theofficialopeningofanewsessionofparliament,usuallyattheendofOctoberorbeginningofNovember,orafter 

ageneralelection.

53.TheCivillist英国王室费（考过）

anannualallowance,approvedbyparliament,madetothesovereignandmembersoftheroyalfamilyfortheexpenseinvolvedincarryingouttheirpublicduties.议会每年一次的津贴补助对君主和皇家成员在行使公共职务时的花费。

54.thecivilservice公务员（考过）

thebodyofstateofficialsthathelpsthegovernment.

55.lifepeer终身贵族

apersonwhoisgivenapeerage贵族地位thatisnothandedoftohisorherdescendants,usuallyasarewardforpublicservice.

56.acquittal无罪裁决

acquittalbroadlymeansthattheindividualisreleasedordischargedwithoutanyfurtherprosecutionforthesameactortransaction.

是意味着被指控者无罪开释，并再也不可就这件特定罪行被指控。

57.cross-examination

thequestioningofawitness,byapartyorlawyerotherthantheonewhocalledthewitness,concerningmattersaboutwhichthewitnesshastestifiedduringdirectexamination.

58.TheCrownCourt刑事法庭

AcriminalcourtthatdealswiththemoreseriouscasesandholdssessionsintownsthroughoutEnglandandWales.ItispresidedovereitherbyajudgefromtheHighCourtofJusticeoralocalfull-timejudge.

59.probation缓刑

aschemewherebyacriminaloffenderisplacedunderthesupervisionofaprobationofficerforaperiodofbetweensixmonths（12monthsinscotland）andthreeyears.

6个月到三年之间。

60.capitalpunishment死刑

theexecutionofacriminalbyhanging.capitalpunishmentalsoknownasthedeathpenalty.

61.themetropolitanpoliceforce

thepoliceforceresponsibleforLondon,withitsheadquartersatnewScotlandyard.

62.TheNationalHealthService英国国民保健制度

ItisaveryimportantpartofthewelfaresysteminBritain.ItisanationwideorganizationbasedonActsofParliament.Itprovidesallkindsoffreeornearlyfreemedicaltreatmentbothinhospitalandoutside.Itisfinancedmainlybypaymentsbythestateoutofgeneraltaxation.Peoplearenotobligedtousethisservice.Theserviceisachievingitsmainobjectiveswithoutstandingsuccess.

63.nationalinsurance社会保险

thesumleviedonallworkingpeoplebythestateasaninsuranceagainstsicknessandunemployment.

64.generalpractitioner（GP）

adoctorwhoisnotaspecialistbutwhohasamedicalpracticeinwhichhetreatsallillness.

65.socialworker

apersonemployedbyalocalauthorityoravoluntaryorganizationtogivepracticalaidandadvicetopeopleinneed.

66.thesalvationarmy

aworld-wideChristianorganizationfoundedbyWilliambooth,in1865.itgivingpracticalaidandspiritualcomforttothepoorandneedy.救世军。

67.Comprehensiveschools

Comprehensivesschoolstakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityoraptitudeandprovideawide-rangingsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildreninadistrict.

68.Reuters

Itwasfoundedin1851bytheGerman,JuliusReuter.Itisnowapubliclyownedcompany,employingover11000staffin80countries.Ithasmorethan1300staffjournalistsandphotographers.

69.grant-maintained（GM）Schools有公费保证的学校

theyarestateschoolsoutsidelocaleducationauthoritycontrol.therearenotuitionfeesattheseschools.由国家学校以外的当地教育机构控制，在这些学校是免费的。

70.eleven-plus

anexaminationformerlyusedtoselectschoolpupilsatabout,theageof11foranappropriatesecondaryeducation.一种考试对11岁孩子选择适当的中等教育。

71.BBC

thebritishbroadcastingcorporation,theUKorganizationresponsibleformakingantransmittingofitsowntelevisionandradioprograms.

72.Rupertmurdoch

australian-bornusnewspaperpublisher.hebecameauscitizenin1985.

73.thebritishmuseum

thenationalmuseumofarchaeologyandethnographyinBloomsbury,London.考古学和人种学。

74.PilgrimsThanksgivingDay

ThePilgrimsin1620,201ofthemsailedtotheNewWorldinashipcalledMayflower.Thefirstwinteraftertheirarrivalwasverycoldandwhenspringcame,halfofthemweredead.ThentheIndianscametotheirhelpandtaughtthemhowtogrowcorn.Theyhadagoodharvestthatyear.SotheyinvitedtheIndiansandheldthefirstThanksgivingcelebrationinAmericatogivethankstoGod.

Ireland（爱尔兰）

1、peaceagreementonnorthernireland

2、republicofIreland—therepublcofirelandisanindependentcountrysituatedinwesternEurope.itoccupiesfour-fifthsoftheislandofIreland.itscapitalisDublin.therepublicofIrelandisalsoknownasEireinIrish.

3、IrishCatholicism—irelandisoneofthemostcatholiccountriesofEurope.Catholicismisanintegralandpervasiveinflunceonnationallife.today93.1%oftheirishpopulationareRomanCatholics.abouthalftheCatholicbishopsintheUnitedStatesareofIrishorigin.爱尔兰裔。

4、Easterurprisingof1916—theeasterurprisingtookplaceinApril1916.agroupofnationalistsseizedtheDublingeneralpostofficeanddeclaredtheindependenceofIreland.afteraweekoffighting,therebellionwassuppressedbythebritisharmyandmostofitsleaderexecuted.

5、Anglo-irishtreaty—from1918—1921therewasfightingbetweentheirishrepublicanarmyandthebritishgovernment.in1921thebritishsignedtheAnglo-irishtreaty.thebritishgovernmentagreedtoorganizeapartitionofireland.thesouthernpartofirelandgaindominionstatusastheirishfreestate,whilethenorthernpartwouldremainapartoftheUnitedkingdom.

6、Fiannafail----itisthelargestpoliticalpartyinIreland.itshistoricprinciplesareneutrality,promotionofGaelicandstrongsupportforaunitedireland.itsneweconomicpolicesincludesupportfortheEC,ahighleverofpublicexpendituretoreduceunemploymentandfullemployment.

7、FineGael----oneofthetwomajorpartiesinireland.itchangeditsimagefromaconservativepartytoasociallyprogressivepartysincethe1960s.itadvocatesaprogramofexpandedsocialservices,butislessinfavourofpromotingGaelicthanfiannafailis.

8、JamesJoyce----themostwell–knownirishwriterofthe20thcentury.hismainworksincludeDubliners,APortraitoftheArtistAsAYoungManandUlysses.his