英语高级视听说下原文Word文件下载.docx
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英语高级视听说下原文Word文件下载.docx
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fromhimhittingthetrainandthenthecracklingsoundunderneaththetrainand,
then,ofcourse,myheartstartsthumping,"
sherecalls.
Shecameintoouremergencyroomafterwards,veryupset.Nophysicalinjury.
Entirelyapsychologicaltrauma,"
saysDr.RogerPitman,apsychiatristatHarvard
MedicalSchoolwhohasstudiedandtreatedpatientswithpost-traumaticstress
disorder,orPTSD,for25years.
They'
recaughtupsomuchwiththispasteventthatit'
sconstantlyintheirmind,"
Pitmanexplains."
relivingitoverandoverandoverasifit'
shappeningagain.
Andtheyjustcan'
tgetinvolvedinreallife."
WhenBeatrizarrivedintheemergencyroom,Pitmanenrolledherinanexperimentalstudyofadrugcalledpropranolol,amedicationcommonlyusedfor
highbloodpressure...andunofficiallyforstagefright.Pitmanthoughtitmightdo
somethingalmostmagical–trickBeatriz’sbrainintomawkeinagkearmemoryofthe
eventshehadjustexperienced.
Inthestudy,whichisstillunderway,halfthesubjectsgetpropranolol;
halfgeta
placebo.
AskedwhetherheknowsifBeatrizgotthedrugortheplacebo,Dr.Pitmansayshe
hasnoideaandneitherdoesshe,andthattheresearchteamwon'
tknowfor
anothertwoyears.
IfPitmanisright,theresultscouldfundamentallychangethewayaccidentvictims,
rapevictims,evensoldiersaretreatedaftertheyexperiencetrauma.
Thestorybeginswithsomesurprisingdiscoveriesaboutmemory.Itturnsoutour
memoriesaresortoflikeJello–theytaketimetosolidifyinourbrains.Andwhilethey'
resetting,it'
spossibletomakethemstrongerorweaker.Italldependsonthe
stresshormoneadrenaline.
ThemanwhodiscoveredthisisJamesMcGaugh,aprofessorofneurobiologyatthe
UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine.
McGaughstudiesmemoryinrats,andheinvitedStahltowatchthemakingofaratmemory–inthiscasehowaratwho'
sneverbeeninthistankofwaterbeforelearns
howtofindaclearplasticplatformjustbelowthesurface.
He’llswimaroundrandomy,l"
McGaughexplains.Theratcannotseetheplatform,
sincehiseyesareonthetopofhishead.
Theratwillswimaroundtheedgeforalongtime,untileventuallyheventuresout
andbychancebumpsintotheplatform.Thenextday,he'
llfindtheplatformalittle
bitfaster.
Butanotherrat,whohadlearnedwheretheplatformwasthedayprior,andthen
receivedashotofadrenalineimmediatelyafterwards,todayswaminstantlytothe
platform.
Adrenalineactuallymadethisrat'
sbrainrememberbetter,andMcGaughbelieves
thesamethinghappensinpeople."
SupposeIsaidtoyou,'
Youknow,I'
vewatched
yourprogramsalotovertheyears,andalthoughitpainsmetohavetotellyouthis,I
thinkyou'
reoneofworstpeopleI'
veeverseenonn'
ttak⋯eitn,odwond'
totakeit
personally,'
McGaughsays.
So,mystresssystemwouldgointooverdrive,noquestion,"
Stahlsays.
Evenwithmytellingyouthatit'
snottrue,there'
snothingtokeepyoufromblushing,
fromfeelingwarmallover,"
McGaughpointsout."
That'
stheadrenaline.AndIdare
saythatyou'
regonnaremembermyhavingsaidthatlongafteryou'
veforgottenthe
otherdetailsofourdiscussionhere.Iguaranteeit."
McGaughsaysthat’swhywerememberimportantandemotionaleviennotsurlives
morethanregularday-to-dayexperiences.Thenextstepinhisresearchwastosee
whatwouldhappenwhenadrenalinewasblocked;
hestartedexperimentingwith
propranolol.
Propranololsitsonthatnervecellandblocksit,sothat,thinkofthisasbeingakey,
andthisisalock,theholeinthelockisblockedbecauseofpropranololsittingthere.
Soadrenalinecanbepresent,butitcan'
tdoitsjob,"
McGaughexplains.
McGaughshowedStahlathirdratthathadlearnedwheretheplatformwasonthe
previousdayandthenreceivedaninjectionofpropranolol.Thenextday,therat
swamaroundtheedge,asifhehadforgottenthereeverwasaplatformoutthere.
AcrossthecountryatHarvard,RogerPitmanreadMcGaugh'
sstudiesandalightbulb
wenton."
WhenIreadaboutthis,Isaid,'
Thishasgottobehowpost-traumatic
stressdisorderworks.'
Becausethinkaboutwhathappenstoaperson.Firstofall,
theyhaveahorriblytraumaticevent,andtheyhaveintensefearandhelplessness.So
thatintensefearandhelplessnessisgonnastimulateadrenaline,"
Pitmansays."
And
thenwhatdowefindthreemonthsorsixmonthsor20yearslater?
Excessively
strongmemories."
Pitmanfiguredhecouldblockthatcyclebygivingtraumavictimspropranololright
away...beforeadrenalinecouldmakethememoriestoostrong.Hestartedrecruiting
patientsforasmallpilotstudy.OneofthefirstwasKathleenLogue,aparalegalwho
hadbeenknockeddowninthemiddleofabusyBostonstreetbyabicyclist.
Hejusthitthewholeleftsideofmybody.AnditseemedlikeforeverthatIwas
layinginthemiddleofStateStreet,downtownBoston,"
Logueremembers.
Shesaysshewasterrifiedthatshewasjustgoingtogetrunover.
Aspartofthestudy,Loguetookpropranololfourtimesadayfor10days.Likethe
otherswhogotthedrug,threemonthslatersheshowednophysiologicalsignsof
PTSD,whileseveralsubjectswhogotaplacebodid.ThoseresultsgotPitmanfunding
foralargerstudybytheNationalInstitutesofHealth.
ButthenthePresident’sCouncilonBioethicscondemnedthestudyinareportthat
saidourmemoriesmakeuswhoweareandthat"
re-writing"
memories
pharmacologically⋯risks"
underminingourtruetiitdye."
n
Thisisaquote.'
Itrisksmakingshamefulactsseemlessshamefulorterribleactsless
terriblethantheyreallyare,'
StahlreadstoLogue.
Aterribleact,"
shereplies."
Whyshouldyouhavetolivewithiteverydayofyour
life?
Itdoesn'
terasethefactthatithappened.Itdoesn'
teraseyourmemoryofit.It
makesiteasiertorememberandfunction."
DavidMagnus,directorofStanfordUniversity’sCenterforBiomedicalEthics,sayshe
worriesthatitwon'
tbejusttraumavictimstryingtodullpainfulmemories.
Fromthepointofviewofapharmaceuticalindustry,they'
regoingtohaveevery
interestinhavingasmanypeopleaspossiblediagnosedwiththisconditionandhave
itusedasbroadlyaspossible.That'
stherealityofhowdrugsgetintroducedand
utilized,"
Magnusargues.
He’sconcerneditwillbeusedfortrivialreasons."
IfIembarrassmyselfataparty
FridaynightandinsteadoffeelingbadaboutitIcouldtakeapillthenI'
mgoingto
avoid–nothavetoavoidmakingafoolofmyselfatparties,"
Magnussays.
Soyouthinkthatthatembarrassmentandallofthatisteachingus?
Stahlasks.
Absolutely,"
Magnussays."
Ourbreakups,ourrelationships,aspainfulastheyare,
welearnfromsomeofthosepainfulexperiences.Theymakeusbetterpeople."
Butwhiletheethicistsdebatetheissue,thescienceismovingforward.Researchers
haveshowninratstudiesthatpropranololcanalsobluntoldmemories.
Pitmanwondered:
Coulditworkinhumans?
HeteamedupwithCanadiancolleague
AlainBrunet,whosearchedforpeoplewithlong-standingPTSD,likeRitaMagil.She
hadsufferedforthreeyearsfromnightmaresafteralife-threateningcaraccident.
AnotherstudysubjectisLouiseO'
Donnell-Jasmin,whowasrapedbyadoctoratthe
ageof12."
Herapedmeonhisdesk,onachair,andonthefloor.It,forme,itwaslike
Iwasdyinginside,"
sheremembers."
Theworldhadended."
O'
Donnell-Jasminwashauntedbytherapeformorethan30years.Sheneverfelt
comfortableundressinginfrontofherhusbandandsufferedfromrecurrent
flashbacksandnightmares.
Thestudywassimple:
Subjectscameinandwereaskedtothinkaboutandwrite
downeverydetailtheycouldrememberabouttheirtrauma;
inMagil'
scase,hercar
accident,reactivatingthememoryinherbrain.Shewasthengivenpropranolol.
Ritasaysshesufferednosideeffects.
Aweeklater,electrodesmeasuredherbody’sstressresponseasshelistenedtoa
retellingofhertrauma.Askedwhathappened,Magilsays,"
Noreaction."
Andshesaysshehadnomorenightmares.
ThepatientwhomadethemostdramaticrecoveryturnedouttobeO'
Donnell-Jasmin,butthere'
sacatch,becauseshewasinacontrolgroupand
thereforewasn’tsupposedtoimproveatall.
Donnell-Jasminwasgivenpropranolol,butunlikeMagil,shetookthedrugwhile
watchingapleasantmovie,notaftertellingeverydetailaboutherrape.Andyet,a
weeklater,shenoticedachange."
Iwakeup.AndIfindmyselfundressing.Andmy
husbandisthere.AndIrealizeI'
mundressing,andI'
mnotfeelingasthoughIneedto
hideunderthebedanymore,"
Askedifitisgone,O'
Donnell-Jasminsays,"
Yes.Thelink,whatheldtheemotionsto
thememories,it'
sliketheumbilicalcordhasbeencut.AndthereisnowayIcan
accesstheemotionsanymore.Andfurthermore,e
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