新G OG阅读套题抽取Word格式文档下载.docx
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新G OG阅读套题抽取Word格式文档下载.docx
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SECTION3
VerbalReasoning
Time—35minutes
25Questions
ForeachofQuestions1to4,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwiseinstructed.
Questions1to3arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
WhetherthelanguagesoftheancientAmericanpeopleswereusedforexpressingabstractuniversalconceptscanbeclearlyansweredinthecaseofNahuatl.Nahuatl,likeGreekandGerman,isalanguagethatallowstheformationofextensivecom-pounds.Bythecombinationofradicalsorsemanticelements,singlecompoundwordscanexpresscomplexconceptualrelations,oftenofanabstractuniversalcharacter.
Thetlamatinime(thosewhoknow)wereabletousethisrichstockofabstracttermstoexpressthenuancesoftheirthought.Theyalsoavailedthemselvesofotherformsofexpressionwithmetaphoricalmeaning,someprobablyoriginal,somederivedfromTolteccoinages.Oftheseforms,themostcharacteristicinNahuatlisthejuxtapositionoftwowordsthat,becausetheyaresynonyms,associatedterms,orevencontraries,complementeachothertoevokeonesingleidea.Usedmetaphorically,thejuxtaposedtermsconnotespecificoressentialtraitsofthebeingtheyreferto,introducingamodeofpoetryasanalmosthabitualformofexpression.
Description
ThispassageclaimsthatNahuatlwasusedtoexpressabstractuniversalconcepts,bycombiningsemanticelements,andgoesontoexplainthatthetlamatinimeusedthesetermstoexpresssubtledistinctions
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
1.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageregardingpresent-dayresearchrelatingtoNahuatl?
ASomerecordorevidenceofthethoughtofthetlamatinimeisavailable.?
BForatleastsomeNahuatlexpressions,researchersareabletotracetheir
derivationfromanotherancientAmericanlanguage.
CResearchersbelievethatinNahuatl,abstractuniversalconceptsare
alwaysexpressedmetaphorically.
Explanation
ChoicesAandBarecorrect.
ChoiceAiscorrect:
thetlamatinimearementionedinthefirstsentenceofthesec-ondparagraph,whereitsaystheywereabletouseNahuatl’sstockofabstractterms“toexpressthenuancesoftheirthought.”Thissuggeststhatthereissomeevidenceofwhatthosethoughtswere,andthereforeChoiceAcanbeinferred.
ChoiceBiscorrect:
accordingtothenextsentence,Nahuatlspeakersused“formsofexpressionwithmetaphoricalmeaning,”someofwhichwereprobably“original”andothers“derivedfromTolteccoinages.”ThatresearchersknowcertainNahuatlexpressionsarederivedfromToltecsuggeststhattheyareabletotracethederivationofsomeNahuatlexpressionsfromanotherlanguagebesidesNahuatl,andthereforeChoiceBmaybeinferred.
ChoiceCisincorrect:
thepassagesaysthatinNahuatltherearesinglecompoundwordsthatcanexpressconceptualrelationsofan“abstractuniversalcharacter”andmentions“otherformsofexpressionwithmetaphoricalmeaning,”butitdoesnotindi-catewhethermetaphoricalwordsorphrasesaretheonlywaythatabstractuniversalconceptsareexpressedinNahuatl,orwhetherresearchersbelievethisaboutNahuatl.ThereforeChoiceCcannotbeinferred.
2.SelectthesentenceinthepassageinwhichtheauthorintroducesaspecificNahuatlmodeofexpressionthatisnotidentifiedasbeingsharedwithcertainEuropeanlanguages.
ThepassageintroducestwospecificNahuatlmodesofexpression.Oneistheformationofsinglecompoundwordsthatarecapableofexpressingcomplexconceptualrelations(firstparagraph);
theotheristhejuxtapositionoftworelatedwordstoevokeasingleidea(secondparagraph).IntheformationofcompoundsNahuatlisdescribedasbeing“likeGreekandGerman,”butthesecondmodeisnotidentifiedasbeingsharedwithotherlanguages.Thereforethesixthsentence(“Oftheseforms...onesingleidea”)isthebestchoice.
3.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“coinages”(line9)mostnearlymeans
Aadaptations
Bcreations
Cidiosyncrasies
Dpronunciations
Ecurrencies
“Coinage”hastwosensesthatarerepresentedamongtheanswerchoices:
inonesenseitdenotescoinsandcurrency,whileintheotheritdenotesthings—especiallywords—thatareinvented.ThefifthsentencedrawsacontrastbetweenlinguisticexpressionsoriginaltoNahuatlandthosederivedfromToltec.Inthiscontextoforiginalversusderivedlanguage,“coinages”means“inventions,”not“currencies.”Oftheanswerchoicesgiven,“creations”isthenearestequivalentof“coinages”inthesenseof“inventions,”andthereforeChoiceBisthebestanswer.
Question4isbasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
AtacertainperiodinEarth’shistory,itsatmospherecontainedalmostnooxygen,althoughplantswereproducingvastquantitiesofoxygen.Asawayofreconcilingthesetwofacts,scientistshavehypothesizedthatnearlyalloftheoxygenbeingproducedwastakenupbyirononEarth’ssurface.Clearly,however,thisexplanationisinadequate.NewstudiesshowthattheamountofirononEarth’ssurfacewasnotsufficienttoabsorbanywherenearasmuchoxygenaswasbeingproduced.Therefore,somethinginadditiontotheirononEarth’ssurfacemusthaveabsorbedmuchoftheoxygenproducedbyplantlife.
4.Intheargumentgiven,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?
AThefirstisaclaimmadebytheargumentinsupportofacertainposition;
thesecondisthatposition.
BThefirstisajudgmentmadebytheargumentaboutacertainexplanation;
thesecondisthatexplanation.
CThefirstexpressestheargument’sdismissalofanobjectiontothepositionitseekstoestablish;
thesecondisthatposition.
DThefirstsumsuptheargument’spositionwithregardtoacertainhypothesis;
thesecondprovidesgroundsforthatposition.
EThefirstisaconcessionbytheargumentthatitsinitialformulationofthepositionitseekstoestablishrequiresmodification;
thesecondpresents
thatpositioninamodifiedform.
Thepassagepresentsanargumentandthequestionasksyoutoidentifytheroletheportionshighlightedinboldfaceplayinthatargument.Thefirststepinrespondingistoreadthroughthepassagequicklytogetanunderstandingofwhatisbeingsaid.Thenitispossibletogobackandassesshowthepartsofthepassagefittogetherintoanargument.
Inthispassagethefirstsentencepresentstwopiecesofinformationthatseemtobeinconflict—theatmospherecontainedalmostnooxygeneventhoughplantswerepro-ducingsomuchofit.Thesecondsentencepresentsahypotheticalexplanationthathasbeenproposedforreconcilingthediscrepancy—thatoxygenwasabsorbedbyiron.Thenextsentencecallsthishypotheticalexplanationinadequateandthefollowingsen-tencegivesareasonforthatjudgment—thattherewasinsufficientironforthepro-posedexplanationtowork.Finally,thelastsentencedrawstheconclusionthattheremusthavebeensomethinginadditiontoirontoabsorbtheoxygen.
Sincethehighlightedportionsinthepassagerepresentthemaincontentofthethirdandfourthsentences,thetaskinthisquestionistofindtheanswerchoicewhosetwopartsfitthosesentences’roles.ItcanbeseenthatanswerChoiceDfitstherequire-ment:
thethirdsentencedoessumuptheargument’spositionaboutahypothesis,andthefourthsentence
Animalsignals,suchasthecomplexsongsofbirds,tendtobecostly.Abird,bysinging,mayforfeittimethatcouldotherwisebespentonotherimportantbehaviorssuchasforagingorresting.Singingmayalsoadvertiseanindividual’slocationtorivalsorpred-atorsandimpairtheabilitytodetecttheirapproach.Althoughthesetypesofcostmaybeimportant,discussionsofthecostofsinginghavegenerallyfocusedonenergycosts.Overalltheevidenceisequivocal:
forinstance,whileEberhardtfoundincreasesinenergyconsumptionduringsingingforCarolinawrens,Chappellfoundnoeffectofcrowingonenergyconsumptioninroosters.
Toobtainempiricaldataregardingtheenergycostsofsinging,Thomasexaminedtherelationshipbetweensongrateandovernightchangesinbodymassofmalenightingales.Birdsstoreenergyassubcutaneousfatdepositsor“bodyreserves”;
changesinthesereservescanbereliablyestimatedbymeasuringchangesinbodymass.Ifsinginghasimportantenergycosts,nightingalesshouldlosemorebodymassonnightswhentheirsongrateishigh.Thomasfoundthatnightingalesreachedasignificantlyhigherbodymassatduskandlostmoremassovernightonnightswhentheirsongratewashigh.
Theseresultssuggestthattheremaybeseveralcostsofsingingatnightassociatedwithbodyreserves.Theincreasedmetaboliccostofpossessinghigherbodymasscontributestotheincreasedovernightmassloss.Thestrategicregulationofeveningbodyreservesisalsolikelytoincuradditionalcosts,asnightingalesmustspendmoretimeforaginginordertobuilduplargerbodyreserves.Themetaboliccostofsingingitselfmayalsocontributetoincreasedlossofreserves.Thismetaboliccostmayarisefromthemuscularandneuralactivityinvolvedinsingingorfrombehaviorsassociatedwithsinging.Forexample,birdsmayexpendmoreoftheirreservesonthermoregulationiftheyspendthenightexposedtothewindonasongpostthaniftheyareinashelteredroostsite.Thomas’sdatathereforeshowthatwhetherornotsingingpersehasanimportantmetaboliccost,metaboliccostsassociatedwithsingingcanhaveanimpor-tantmeasurableeffectonabird’sdailyenergybudg
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