英国文学与美国文学复习讲义Word文档下载推荐.docx
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英国文学与美国文学复习讲义Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Aseriesofhistoricalevents:
1.rediscoveryofancientRoman&
Greekculture
2.newdiscoveriesingeography&
astrology(占星学)
3.thereligiousreformation&
economicexpansion
TheRenaissance-rebirthorrevival
Humanism-theessenceoftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing&
theimportanceofthepresentlife
Bestrepresentatives:
ThomasMore,ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare
TheElizabethandrama:
therealmainstreamofEnglishRenaissance
Mostfamousdramatists:
ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare,BenJonson
EdmundSpenser-thepoets'
poet
5quality:
1)aperfectmelody2)araresenseofbeauty3)asplendidimagination
4)alofty(高尚的)moralpurityandseriousness5)adedicatedidealism
TheShepherdesCalender>
lament(哀悼)overthelossofRosalind
TheFaerieQueene>
主角:
Arthur-whopossess12virtues
Gloriana–theFairyQueen
Thethemeisnot“Armsandtheman,”butsomethingmoreromantic–“Fiercewarresandfaithfullloves”
READING:
excerptfromTheFaerieQueene仙后
Content:
RedcrosseKnightsetoutonhisadventures.
ChristopherMarlowe–“UniversityWits”,thepioneerofEnglishdrama
Hyperbole(夸张)
Marlowe’sachievement:
1)blankverse无韵诗歌
ItisMarlowewhobroughtvitality(活力)andgrandeur(伟大)intotheblankversewithhis“mightylines,”whichcarrystrongemotions.
2)hiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.(notstrongindramaticconstruction.)
→thepioneerofEnglishdrama
3tragedies:
<
Dr.Faustus>
thehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness
Tamburlaine>
帖木耳大帝aplayaboutanambitiousandpitilessoverpoweringking.
TheJewofMalta>
马尔他的犹太人
non-drama<
ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove>
pastoral(田园的)life,themostbeautifullyrics(抒情诗)
1.excerptfromDr.Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧
AplaybasedontheGermanlegend
Faustusisascholarwhohasastrongdesiretoacquireknowledge.Byconjuration(念咒文召唤)hecallupMephistophilis,theDevil’sservant.Hemakeabond(契约)tosellhissoultotheDevilinreturnfor24yearsoflifeinwhichMephistophilistogivehimeverythinghedesires.Devil’snameisLucifer.
Dominantmoralishumanratherthanreligious
2.ThePassionate(热情的)ShepherdtoHisLove
thisshortpoemisconsideredtobeoneofthemostbeautifullyrics(抒情诗)inEnglishliterature.
Theshepherd(牧羊人)enjoyanidealcountrylife,cherishing(珍爱)apastoral(田园的)andpureaffectionforhislove.Strongemotionisconveyedthroughthebeautyofnature.
WilliamShakespeare–playwright&
poet(aboveallwritersinthepastandinthepresenttime)
1.<
HenryⅥ>
<
RichardⅢ>
…
2.<
RichardⅡ>
HenryⅣ>
HenryⅤ>
KingJohn>
Comedies:
AMidsummerNight’sDream>
TheMerchantofVenice>
TwelfthNight>
Tragedy:
RomeoandJuliet>
romantictragedy.Topraisethefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.
3.Fourtragedies-<
Hamlet>
Othello>
KingLear>
&
Macbeth>
4.tragicomedies:
TheTempest>
Achievement:
A.exploringthecharacters’sinnermind.
soliloquy(独白)ormonologue-fullyrevealtheinnerconflictofthecharacters
contrasts–bringvividnesstothecharacters
B.adroit(精巧的)plotconstruction
C.Ironyisagoodmeansofdramaticpresentation.Disguiseisanimportantdevicetocreatedramaticirony.
D.thelanguage.
READING:
1.Sonnet18(14line)
Sonnet18>
eternalorimmortal(不朽的)beauty,haveafaithinthepermanenceofpoetry.
Anicesummer’sdayisusuallytransient(短暂的),butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.
2.excerptfromTheMerchantofVenice
topraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,toexposetheinsatiable(不知足的)greedandbrutalityoftheJew.
Doubleplot:
(1)BassanioaskAntonioforaloansothathemightmarriagewithPortia
(2)AntonioborrowmoneyfromShylock,theJewishusurer.ShylockmakeastrangebondthatrequiresAntoniotosurrenderapoundofhisfleshifhefailtorepayhimwithinacertainperiodoftime.Portiadisguisedasayounglawyerinstructedtojudgethecase:
Shylockcantakehispoundofflesh,butthereisnomentionofbloodinthebond.Otherwise,hislandsandgoodswillbeconfiscated(充公)accordingtohelawofVenice.
3.ExcerptfromHamlet
hesitatebetweenfactandfiction,languageandaction,toosophisticated(复杂的)todegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevenger
content:
Hamlet,theprince,appearinginamoodofworld-weariness(厌世)occasionedbyhisfather’sdeathandhismother’shastyremarriagewithClaudius,hisfather’sbrother.HamletisinformedthatClaudiushasmurderedhisfatherandthentakenoverbothhisfather’sthroneandwidow.ThusHamletisurgedtoseekrevenge.
Note:
Tobe,ornottobe-toliveoninthisworldortodie;
tosufferortotakeaction
FrancisBacon–philosopher,scientist,essayist,laythefoundationformodernscience
HisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature.
Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactness&
powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions(典故),metaphors(隐喻)andcadence(韵律).
TheAdvancementofLearning>
man’sunderstandingconsistsofthreeparts:
historytoman’smemory,poetrytoman’simaginationandcreation,andphilosophytoman’sreason.
NovumOrganum>
writteninLatinonmethodology方法论
Baconsuggeststheinductivereasoning归纳法(i.e.proceedingfromtheparticulartothegeneral)
inplaceofAristotelianmethod,thedeductivereasoning演绎法(i.e.proceedingfromthegeneraltotheparticular)
OfStudies
OfStudies>
usesandbenefitsofstudy–studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Studiesperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience.Differentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies-studiesandexperiencearecomplementary(互补)toeachother.Thecorrectattitudetoreadingbooks-toweighandconsider.Howstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter-readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.
JohnDonne
〝Metaphysicalpoetry〞(玄学诗)-breakawayfromlovepoetry,thediction(用语)issimple,theimageryisfromtheactual,theformisfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.
A)conceitsB)syllogism(三段论)
Poetry早期:
TheSongsandSonnets>
holdsthatthenatureofloveistheunionofsoulandbody.
晚期:
HolySonnets>
AHymntoGodtheFather>
religiouspoem
Prose:
hissermons,whicharebothrichandimaginative
1.TheSunRising2.Death,BeNotProud(asonnet,14lines)
TheSunRising>
thebusysunisalwaysreadytointerferewithotherthingsandeverywhere
Death,BeNotProud>
whateveryouare,youcannotescapefromdeath.Whenyouareliving,youarealwaysintheshadowofdeath.Deathonlylastsamoment,ourlifeafterdeathiseternal.Themorepleasurethedeathgivespeople,notonlythepleasureoftherest&
thesleep,because'
whomthegodslovedieyoung'
.Thoughdeathisusuallyconsideredpowerful,itactuallyprovidesarestforaman'
sbodyandabirthforhissoul.
JohnMilton
1)theearlypoeticworks2)themiddleprose(散文)3)thelastgreatpoems
Elegy(挽歌)-<
lycidas>
利西达斯(hisearlywork)
Epic(史诗)-<
ParadiseLost>
ParadiseRegained>
Dramaticpoem(诗剧)-<
SamsonAgonistes>
力士参孙themostperfectexampleoftheversedramaaftertheGreekstyleinEnglish.
excerptfromParadiseLost
theonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf.Theconflictisbetweenhumanloveandspiritualduty.ThefreedomofthewillisthekeystoneofMilton’screed(纲领).
TakefromtheOldTestament,thethemeisthe“FallofMan”:
SatanrebelagainstGodandaredrivenfromHeaven.Hedeterminedtorevengebyseduce(引诱)AdamandEvetoeatthefruitfromtheTreeofKnowledgeagainstGod’sinstructions.So,AdamandEveareexiledbyGodfromtheparadise.
TheNeoclassicalPeriod:
1660-1798withthepublicationofLyricalballadsbyWordsworthandColeridge
-arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,restrainedemotion(抑制情感)&
accuracy
theAgeofEnlightenment/Reason–themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason(rationality),equality&
science(the18thcentury)
modernEnglishnovel–newlyrisingliteraryform现实主义小说诞生(themid-century)
Gothicnovel(哥特式小说)-mystery,horror&
castles(frommiddleparttotheendofcentury)
JohnBunyan
REAING:
TheVanityFair名利场anexcerptformThePilgrim’sProgress(天路历程)
ThePilgrim'
sProgress>
areligiousallegory(寓言),itspurposeistourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrinesandseeksalvation(拯救)throughconstantstruggleswiththeirownweaknessesandallkindsofsocialevils.Itspredominantmetaphor–lifeasajourney
AlexanderPope
oneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland,forhimthesupremevaluewasorder.
excerptfromAnEssayonCriticism(论批评)
AnEssayonCriticism>
apoemwritteninheroiccouplets(对句),criticizethepresentpoemlackoftruetaste&
callonpeopletoturntotheoldGreekandRomanwritersforguidance,truewitwhichisbestsetinaplain(simple&
clear)style.
DanielDefoe-thefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular
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