LTCC带通滤波器外文翻译文档格式.docx
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LTCC带通滤波器外文翻译文档格式.docx
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I.INTRODUCTION
Modernmultimediasatellitesaregettingmorecomplexwithtransponderconnectivityrequirements,multiplecoveragebeams,etcetera.Hence,satelliteoperatorsincreasinglydemandflexibilityinfunction,efficientsignalroutingandsignalprocessing.Therefore,futureapplicationsinmultimediasatellitecommunicationsrequireinnovativecomponentswithhighRF-performanceand,atthesametime,withlowweight,smallsize,andhighreliability.
Advancedintegrationandpackagingtechnologies,suchaslowtemperatureco-firedceramics(LTCC),combinedifferentdesigntechniqueswithlowcostoffabrication,smallsizeandmultiplefunctionality.LTCCtechnologyprovidesmodular,hybrid-integratedsystemswithahighdegreeofminiaturizationofmicrowavepayloadequipmentand,hence,flexibilityforadaptationtovaryingapplications.Itisoneofthereasons,whyLTCCbecameverypopular,notonlyforlowfrequency
designs,butforhighfrequenciesinthemicrowaveandevenmillimeter-waverangesaswell.
ThispaperfocusesonbandpassfiltersforKa-banddownlinkfrequenciesasimportantpartsofmultimediasatellitesignalchains,whicharebasedonLTCCmultilayertechnologyandcanbecombinedwithotherKa-bandmicrowaveLTCCmodulespresentlyunderdevelopment.
Thetwofilterspresentedheredisplayhighstop-bandisolationforanefficientsuppressionoftheKa-banduplinkfrequencies,andlowinsertionloss.Theyaredevelopedforseparatingchannelgroupswithtotalbandwidthsof500MHzupto1GHzinthefrequencyrangeof17–22GHz.Fordemonstrationpurposes,thesefiltershavebeendevelopedforacentrefrequencyoff0=19.5GHz.Additionalefforthasbeenspentininvestigatingtheinfluenceofgroundinganddifferentconductivepastesonthefilterperformance.
II.DESIGNOFLTCCBANDPASSFILTERSWITHTRANSMISSIONZEROSATFINITEFREQUENCIES
Thefollowingspecificationshavebeenchosenforthedesignofthebandpassfilter:
----Passband:
18000–21000MHz;
----Maximumin-bandinsertionloss:
2dB;
----Minimumin-bandreturnloss:
12dB(VSWR<
1.7);
---Steepnessofthefilterslopes:
20dB/GHz.
Besidesmeetingthesespecifications,thefollowingproblemshavetobesolvedwithrespecttothehighfrequenciesofoperation:
(a)feedingofthefilterswithlow-losshalf-wavelengthtransmissionlinestoimprovethematchingattheinputandoutputports;
(b)providinghigh-qualitytransitionsfromthestriplinesembeddedintheLTCCmoduletothecoplanarground-signal-groundtestportforon-waferprobing.
Becauseofthestrictin-bandrequirements,thenumberofresonatorsconstitutingthefiltercouldnotbehigherthanfour.Inordertoprovidetherequiredsteepnessofthefilterskirts,twodesignswithtransmissionzerosatfinitefrequencieshavebeenchosen:
acoupled-linefilterdesignandacross-coupledfilterdesign.
A.Coupled-lineFilterDesign
Forthecoupled-linefilter,weappliedtheestablisheddesignofbandpassfiltersbasedonhalf-wavelengthcoupledresonatorswithattenuationzeros[8].Withthismethod,attenuation
polesareobtainedbybothinput/outputandinter-stagecoupling.Tap-coupling,parallel-couplingandanti-parallelcouplingstructureswereinvestigated.Forthetap-couplingstructure,anattenuationpoleisgeneratedatthatfrequencyatwhichtheelectricallengthfromthephasecentreofthetaptotheopenendoftheresonatorbecomes90°
.Inordertogenerateanattenuationpoleatp×
f0,atap-couplingshouldbedevisedatapositionwheretheelectricallength⎝tapfromtheopenisequivalentto90°
/patcentrefrequency。
Fortheparallel-coupledlinesstructure,transmissionbecomeszeroatthefrequencywheretheelectricallengthofthecoupledlinebecomes180°
.Therefore,togenerateanattenua-tionpoleatp×
f0,theelectricallengthofthecoupledlineatcentrefrequencyθphastobechosen180°
/p.Sincetheelectricallengthofahalf-wavelengthresonatoris180°
pwillexceed1.Thisimpliesthatanattenuationpolecanonlybeobtainedatfrequenciesabovethepass-band.
Fortheanti-parallelcoupledstructure,wheretheopenendsoftheparallellinesareplacedsidebyside,apoleisgeneratedatp×
f0undertheconditionθap=90°
/p,whereθapistheelectricallengthofthecoupledlineatcentrefrequency.Asforthetapcoupling,theattenuationpolecanbeobtainedbothbelowandabovethepass-band.
Twotap-couplingsandoneanti-parallelcouplinghavebeenusedtodesignafour-polebandpassfilterwiththreeattenuationzerosplacedat16.82GHz,22.43GHz,and32.88GHz.ThefilterlayoutisshowninFig.1,panel(a).Half-wavelengthfeed-lineshavebeenemployedtoreducetheinfluenceofthefeed-lineimpedanceandprovide,therefore,goodimpedancematching.Theinitialsimulationofthefilterstructurewasperformedbya2.5-dimelectromagneticfieldsimulator(AWRMicrowaveOffice).Verificationwascarriedoutwitha3-dimfullwavesimulator(CSTMicrowaveStudio).Thesimulatedfrequencyresponseofthefilterispresentedinpanel(b)ofFig.1.Thein-bandinsertionlossislessthan1.2dB.Thereturnlossisnotworsethan14.5dB.Thecharacteristicslopesatthebandedgesamounttoabout20dB/GHz.
图1Four-polecoupled-linesbandpassfilterwiththreeattenuationpoles:
layout(a)andsimulatedfrequencyresponse(b).
B.Cross-coupledFilterDesign
Thesynthesisofbandpassfilterswithsource-loadcouplingwastheoreticallydescribedandexperimentallyverified,especiallyfortwo-polefilters.Suchacross-couplingallowstoobtainafrequencyresponsewithequalnumbersoftransmissionpolesandzeros.Thesamesource-loadcouplingcanbeappliedtohigher-orderfiltersaswell,allowingforadditionalstop-bandattenuation.
Theschemeofafour-polecross-coupledfilterisdepictedinFig.2,panel(a).Theresonatorsarerepresentedbynodes,andthecouplingsareindicatedasconnectinglines.Twoadditionalcouplingshavebeenaddedtothefilter.ThecouplingC1isacapacitivecouplingbetweentheinputandtheoutputfeedlinesofthefilter;
thecouplingC2isaninductivecrosscouplingbetweenthefirstandthefourthresonator.Adjustingthestrengthofthecross-coupling,thepositionsofthetransmissionzerosandthesteepnessofthefilterslopescouldbetunedtothedesiredvalues.
Thetopologyofthefour-polecross-coupledfilterisshowninpanel(b)ofFig.2.ThefilterwasimplementedusingLTCCmulti-layerceramicsandconsistedoffourC-shapedstriplineresonators,situatedintwoconductivelayers:
thefirstandthefourthresonatorlineswereprintedinthebottomlayer,whilethesecondandthethirdresonatoraswellasthefeed-lineswereplacedonthetopconductivelayer.Theseparationoftheresonatorsintheverticaldirectionenablesthereductionoftheoverallsizeofthefilter,comparedwithanentirelyplanarstructure.Thenumericalsimulationswereperformedintwostepsasdescribedabove.Theexpectedfrequencyresponseofthecross-coupledfilterisshowninFig.2,panel(c).Twopairsoftransmissionzeros,placedsymmetricallyaroundthepass-band,areclearlyvisibleinbothstop-bandsofthefilter.Thein-bandinsertionlossILwasnotworsethan1.4dB,andthereturnlossRLbetterthan15dB.Theareaoccupiedbythefilterwas5×
5mm2.Thesteepnessoftheskirtsamountedto45dB/GHz.Comparingtheresponsesofthetwotypesoffilter(Fig.1andFig.2)revealsthatthecross-coupledfilterprovidesmuchhigherattenuationinthenarrowstop-bandbut,at
frequenciesaround32-35GHz,theperformancesuffersfromaspuriousharmonic,whichwassuppressedbyoneofthetransmissionzerosinthecoupled-linefilterdesign.
图2Four-polecross-coupledfilter:
(a)schematic,(b)multi-layerlayout,(c)simulatedfrequencyresponse.
III.FABRICATIONANDMEASUREMENTSOFTHEFILTERS
BothfilterstructuresweremanufacturedusingtheDuPontGreenTape™951LTCCsystemwithathicknessofthedielectriclayersof205μm(DP-951AX/PX)andanominaldielectricpermittivityεr=7.8aftersinteringThismaterialsystemhasbeenchosenforfabricaton,becauseitincludesavarietyofappropriateinks,photoimageablescreenprinting(Fodel®
-technology)[12],andprovidessatisfactoryhermeticityandplanarityofthesinteredmodules.Fig.3showsaphotographofLTCC-integratedKa-bandfilters.
图3LTCCmodulewiththefiltersamplesfabricated.
Twodifferentconductivematerialswereusedforthefabrication:
photodefinedsilverpastewithathicknessof7μmaftersintering,andalaser-cutsilverfoilwithathicknessof25μm.ThebuiltstackofLTCC-layersintegratingthedevelopedfilterswaslaminatedwithapressureof20MPaandatemperatureof70°
Cfor10minutes.Theco-firedsinteringwasconductedinamufflefurnaceusingafiringprofilewith875°
Cpeaktemperaturefor10minutesandanoveralldurationofabout450minutes.
TheelectricalcharacterisationofthefilterswasconductedusinganAgilentE8367APNAvectornetworkAnalyser(upto67GHz)and200-μm-pitchcoplanarground-signal-groundprobetips(|Z|-probesfromSuessMicroTec).
Themeasuredperformanceofthetwodifferentcoupled-linefiltersamplesisshowninFig.4.W
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