英文写作 文章的构建模式Word下载.docx
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英文写作 文章的构建模式Word下载.docx
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概括陈述主题,提出观点或论点,表明写作意图。
【写作要点】
写开头段时考生应该避免的若干问题:
1)开头偏离主题太远;
2)使用抱歉或埋怨之词句;
3)内容不具体,言之无物;
4)使用不言自明的陈述。
【方法例释】
写作文时,好多考生也是觉得开头难,其实,写开头段有多种表达方法,如主题句法、提问法、引语法、数据法、背景法、定义法,等等,下面分别讲解开头的几种展开方法:
1.主题句法:
开篇点明主题,用主题句,然后围绕主题内容进行发展。
例如:
Nowpeoplebecomeincreasinglyawareoftheimportanceofacquiringamasteryofaforeignlanguage.Tothem,theknowledgeofaforeignlanguage,say,English,oftenmeansagoodopportunityforone?
scareer,evenapassporttoaprosperousfuture.Manyofthemequatesuccessinlifewiththeabilityofspeakingaforeignlanguage.
2.提问法:
提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题,然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。
Whatdoyouwantfromyourwork?
Money?
Promotions?
Interestingchallenges?
Continuallearning?
Work?
basedfriendships?
Theopportunitytodevelopyourownideaandpotentials?
Thoughweareallindividualsandsoouranswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidesmorethanmaterialthings.
3.引语法:
使用引语(useaquotation):
使用一段名人名言,或人们常用的谚语、习语,以确定文章的写作范围和方向。
“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotaketheopportunity,buttomakethem.”Colton,agreatwriteronceremarked.Butitstillhasaprofoundsignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimeopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesismoreessentialtohissuccess.
4.数据法:
使用具体详实的数字或数据,然后作出概括性分析,指明问题的症结所在。
Inthepast5years,therehasbeenamarkeddeclineinthenumberofyoungmarriedcoupleswhowanttohavechildren,coupledwithagrowingtrendtowarddelayedchildbearing.Accordingtoofficialstatistics,in2003,about28percentofmarriedcoupleswithwivesunder35gavenobirthtochildren,comparedwiththe1993levelof8percent.
5.背景法:
给出背景,描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等,例如:
OnceinanewspaperIreadofacrowdofpeoplewhoremainedappallinglyindifferenttothepleaofamother.Asshefailedtooffertherequiredamountofcashasapricetosaveherdrowningson,thewomanatlastwatchedhersonsinktodeath.ThestoryisnotrareinnewspapersandonTV,andthecasualnessanddetachmentourpeoplenowhavedevelopedhasarousednationwideconcern.
6.定义法:
针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义,然后进行深入探讨。
Itisbutastepfromthesublimetotheridiculous.
从崇高到荒谬只有一步之遥。
Flexibilityisdefinedasbeingadaptabletochange.Inthecourseofyourlifetime,itisessentialthatyoulearntobendandflexaroundeverynewcircumstance,asrigiditydeprivesyouoftheopportunitytoseenewpossibilities.Paradigmschangeovertime,andsomustyou.Yourcompanymayrestructure,andyouwillhavetosurvive.Yourspousemaychoosetoleavethemarriage,andyouwillhavetocope.Technologywillcontinuetoadvanceandchange,andyoumustconstantlylearnandadaptorriskbecomingadinosaur.Flexibilityallowsyoutobereadyforwhatevercurveliesaheadinlifeinsteadofgettingblindsidedbyit.
【他山之石】
开头段常用核心句型
开头段的常用核心句型,选一选适合你自己的“武器”:
1)Thearguermayberightabout...,butheseemstoneglecttomentionthefactthat....
2)Contrarytogenerallyacceptedviews,Iarguethat....
3)Thereisanelementoftruthinthisargument,butitignoresadeeperandmorebasicfactthat....
4)Itistruethat...,butthisisnottosaythat....
5)Themain/obviousproblemwiththisargumentisthatitisblindtothebasicfactthat....
6)Itwouldbenatural/reasonabletothinkthat...,butitwouldbeabsurdtoclaimthat....
7)Inallthediscussionanddebateover...,oneimportantfactisgenerallyoverlooked/neglected.
8)Thereisabsolutelynoreasonforustobelievethat....
9)Toassumethat...isfarfrombeingproved.
10)Acloseinspectionofthisargumentwouldrevealhowflimsy(groundless)itis.
11)Onthesurface(Atfirstthought),itmayseemanattractiveidea,butonsecondthought,wefindthat....
12)Toomuchemphasisplacedon...mayobscureotherfacts....
13)Theproblem/factisthat....
14)Howeverlogicalthisargumentmaybe,itonlyskimsthesurfaceoftheproblem.
15)AsfarasIamconcerned,Ibelievethat....
16)AlthoughIappreciatethat...,Icannotagreewith....
17)Thosewhoobjectto...arguethat....Butpeoplewhofavor...,ontheotherhand,arguethat....
18)Currently,thereisageneralconcernover....
19)Nowitiswidelyacknowledgedthat....ButIwonderwhether....
20)Thesedaysweoftenhearabout...,butisthisreallythecase?
Ordinarypeoplethinkmerelyofhowtheywillspendtime,amanofintellecttriestouseit.
常人只想如何消磨时间,智者则努力利用时间。
二、中间段
中间段是文章的正文,其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。
中间段的篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长,每段有相应的主题句,说明主题思想的扩展句可以采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段。
不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段。
中间段的具体写作要点如下:
1)所涉及内容应该准确、清楚,颇具说服力;
2)段落中一定具备主题句;
3)段落内容应该保持完整、统一,没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节;
4)内容顺序安排合理,逻辑性较强;
5)段落之间连贯自然;
6)段落中讨论的内容主次分明,材料比例适当;
7)词与句型运用合理并且有变化。
正如我们在第七天和第八天中所介绍的,段落展开的基本方法很多,这里简要介绍三种中间段中常用的展开方法:
列举法、因果法、例证法。
1.列举法:
用来列举一系列的原因、方法等等,使文章层次分明,眉清目秀,阅卷老师在疲惫不堪的状态下,看到这样的文章,往往会有种在清澈的小溪边小憩片刻的感觉,手一抬,分就高。
下面这篇例文写的是“健身的几种方法”,脉络一目了然。
例文如下:
Thereareanumberofwaysforustokeepfit.First,nomatterhowbusyweare,weshouldhaveexerciseeverydaytostrengthenourmuscles.Second,itisimportanttokeepgoodhours.Forexample,ifweareinthehabitofgoingtobedearlyandgettingupearly,wecanavoidoverworkingourselvesandgetenoughsleep.Finally,entertainmentisalsonecessarysothatwemayhavesomemomentsofrelaxation.Ifwefollowthoseinstructions,wewillcertainlybeingoodhealth.
2.因果法:
说明原因,论述事理。
下面这篇作文讲的是“汉堡受欢迎的原因”,第一段提出问题“为什么受欢迎呢?
”接下来在说原因时,用到了上面的列举法,只不过不是“first,second,finally”而是“first,then,besidesthat”,让人感觉不落俗套。
Angerbeginswithfolly,endsinrepentance.
愤怒以愚蠢开始,以后悔告终。
ThehamburgeristhemostpopularfooditemintheUnitedStates.EveryyearAmericansconsumebillionsofthem.Theyaresoldinexpensiverestaurantsandinhumblediners.Theyarecookedathomeonthekitchenstoveoroverabarbecuegrillinthebackyard.Whyaretheysopopular?
First,ahamburgerisextremelyeasytoprepare.Itisnothingmorethanapieceofgroundbeef,cookedforafewminutes.Thenitisplacedinaslicedbun.Nothingcouldbesimpler.Evenanunskilledcookcanturnouthundredsoftheminanhour.Besidesthat,thesimplehamburgercanbevariedinmanyways.Youcanmeltsomecheeseontopofthebeeftocreateacheeseburger.
3.例证法:
举具体的事例来证明观点,这是议论文最常用的方法,尽量找最能体现观点的例子,具体点,微观点,给人说服力。
请看下面作者论证“不劳无获”的观点,用的是拳击运动的例子。
Thesaying“Nopains,nogains”isuniversallyacceptedbecauseoftheplainyetphilosophicalmoralteaches:
ifonewantstoachievesomething,hehastoworkandtoleratemorethanothers.Thesayingistrueofanypursuitmanseeks.Acaseinpointisboxing.Whileweheapcheersonthewinner,fewhappentoimaginethathisgoldbeltiswonatthecostofhissweat,tears,blood,evenlifeoveryearsbeforethearrivalofthatexcitingmoment.
中间段常用核心句型
中间段的常用核心句型,同样是20句,任你选!
1)Thechangein...mainlyresultsfrom....
2)Theincreasein...isduetothefactthat....
3)Manypeoplewouldclaimthat....
4)Oneofthereasonsgivenfor...isthat....Whatisalsoworthnoticingisthat....
5)Thereareavarietyofreasonsforthisdramaticgrowthin....First,...Second,...Finally,...
6)Thereisnoevidencetosuggestthat....
7)Whyare(is/do/did)...?
Foronething,....Foranother,....
8)Therearenumerousreasonswhy...,andIshallhereexploreonlyafewofthemostimportantones.
9)Itwillexertremarkableeffecton....
10)Amultitudeoffactorscouldaccountfor(contributeto)thechangein....
11)Withthedevelopmentof...,vastchangesawaitsthiscountry?
ssociety.
12)Historyisfilledwiththeexamplesof....
13)Thestoryisnotrare(isolated/unique),itisoneofmanyexamples.
14)Asisshowninthetablereleasedbythegovernment,itcanbelearnedthat....
15)Thereis(no)goodevidenceto....
16)Wemustadmittheundeniablefactthat....
17)Noonecandeny(brushaside)thefactthat....
18)Experience(Evidence)suggeststhat....
19)Thesameistrueof....
Alllayloadonthewillinghorse.
人善被人欺,马善被人骑。
20)Asthesayinggoes,“....”
三、结尾段
结尾段要干脆利落,深化主题。
结尾段的写作方法很多,常用的有如下四种:
1.总结归纳:
简要总结归纳文章要点,以便深化主题印象。
Inconclusion,Iwouldliketosaythatchangeisaproblemconfrontingmostofustoday.Thechangeswhichhavealreadytakenplaceineveryfieldofourlifeareirreversible.Continuationofthegrowthwhichhasalreadybegunisinevitable.Duringthisevolutiontherearegreatrewardstobewon?
bythosewhoarewillingtotaketheopportunitiesbeingoffered.
2.重申主题:
再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。
Admittedly,sciencehascreatedatomicbombsandproducedpervasivepollution.Butithastransformedthelivesofmillionsofpeople.Ithasmultipliedman?
senergy,hopes,ambitionsandunderstanding.Ithaselevatedandwillcontinuetoelevatemanintellectuallyandspiritually.
3.预测展望:
立足当前,放眼未来。
Itistimethatthegovernmentshouldspeakoutagainstcorruptionandtakestrongactiontopunishwhoevertakesbribesorembezzlesfund.Forpre
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