英语诗歌基础知识.docx
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英语诗歌基础知识.docx
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英语诗歌基础知识
Ⅰ.DefinitionofPoetry
Poetry,formofliterature,spokenorwritten,thatemphasizesrhythm,otherintricatepatternsofsoundandimagery,andthemanypossiblewaysthatwordscansuggestmeaning.TheworditselfderivesfromaGreekword,poesis,meaning“making”or“creating.”Whereasordinaryspeechandwriting,calledprose,areorganizedinsentencesandparagraphs,poetryinitssimplestdefinitionisorganizedinunitscalledlinesaswellasinsentences,andofteninstanzas,whicharetheparagraphsofpoetry.Itisimportanttokeepinmindthedistinctionbetweenverseandapoem.Thewordversehastwomeanings:
one,torefertoalineasaunitofpoetry;theother,torefertoanyworkthatusesrhythmandrhyme.Workingfromthesecondmeaning,onecandistinguishbetweenverseandapoem.Thoseworksthatfallintoacategorycontaininglimericks,jingles,andthelike,wecallverse;worksofhighandlastingqualitywecancallpoems.
Forcenturiespeoplehavetriedtodefineandcharacterizepoetryinmanydifferentways.Thefollowingquotationsmaysuggestpartofthefeaturesofpoetry,whicharepresentedbysomeestablishedpoetsandcritics.
“Poetryisalanguagethattellsus,throughamoreorlessemotionalreactions,somethingthatcannotbesaid.”
------EdwinArlingtonRobinson
“Poetryprovidestheonepossiblewayofsayingonethingandmeaninganother.”
------RobertFrost
“Theartofunitingpleasurewithtruthbycallingimaginationtothehelpofreason.”
------SamuelJohnson
“Theimaginativeexpressionofstrongfeelingsusuallyrhythmical…thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelingscollectedintranquility.”
------WilliamWordsworth
“Thebestwordsinthebestorder.”
------SamuelTaylorColeridge
“Musicalthought.”
------ThomasCarlyle
Poetryuseslanguageandituseslanguageinadifferentmanner.Thepracticaluseoflanguageistocommunicateinformationandtokeepthecommunicationchannelsopen,whilepoetryuseslanguagetocommunicateexperiencethatismuchwiderthanmereinformationandknowledge.Theverydifferencebetweenpoetryandotherliteratureisthatpoetryisthemostcondensedandcompactedformofliterature,sayingmostinthefewestnumberofwords.Besides,thelanguageofpoetryismulti-dimensional.Practicallanguagewhichaimstocommunicateinformationisonlydirectedatthelistener’sunderstanding,butpoetry,whichisusedtocommunicateexperience,hasatleastfourdimensions.Itinvolvesthereader’swholefaculties:
hisintelligence,hissenses,hisemotionsandhisimagination,notmerelyhisunderstanding.Therefore,poetryisaliterarygenrethatcommunicateexperienceinthemostcondensedform.
Ⅱ.DevelopmentofPoetry
Itisimpossibletodatethefirstpoemorpoetintheworld,sincepoetryoriginatedinatimebeforewrittenlanguageswereborn.Theoriginsofpoetrycanbefoundinthecommunalexpression,probablyoriginallytakingtheformofdance,ofreligiousspirit.Thiscanbeprovedbythefactthatthedancerhythmcouldbemarkednotonlybyclapping,stamping,orrhythmiccries,butalsobychantingorotherwiseintoningorsingingwords.Songs(worksongs,lullabies,andplaysongs)aretheprogenitorofpoetry.Religioussongsalsoplayaveryimportantroleinthedevelopmentofpoetry.
Narrativeversemighthaveoriginatedinthereligiousimpulse.Theearliestnarrativesongs,orepicstellthestoriesofthecreationofmankindandthemythsofthegods.Epicsoflatertimesrelatethelivesofgodlikeheroes;andstilllateronesdealwiththelivesofhistoricalheroes.AmongtheearliestepicsaretheGreekIliadandOdysseyofHomer,andtheAnglo-SaxonBeowulf.
Whilemuchearlypoetrydealtwiththelivesofheroesandgodsinanelevatedstyle,poetshavealsoturnedtotheflawedlivesofordinarypeople,inparticularbawdyorsexualscenes,sinceveryearlytimes.TheEnglishpoetGeoffreyChaucerrecordedthelustyadventuresofless-than-piouspilgrimsinTheCanterburyTales.
Onechangeincompositionofpoetryshouldbementioned.Atfirst,poetrygrewoutofmusic,sosoundeffectwasmuchemphasizedandspellingdidnotcount.Forexample,inEnglish“poet”and“knowit”wereconsideredtorhyme.Butwhenpoetrybegantoappearinthewrittenform,spellingtookovertheprecedence.Theexamplesabovewereconsiderednonstandard.Wordslike“word”and“lord”,“mer”and“aimer”wereconsideredasrhymed.
Poetryinthelastfewcenturieshasturnedincreasinglytoordinary,day–to-dayconcerns,withacorrespondinginterestinbringingliterarylanguageclosertonaturalspeech.EnglishpoetWilliamWordsworth,inhis1802prefacetotheLyricalBallads,railedagainstartificialpoeticdictionanddeclaredhisintentiontowrite“inaselectionoflanguagereallyusedbymen.”Inpart,hewasreactingagainsttheexcessivelystylizedpoemsof18th-centuryAugustanwriterssuchasJohnDrydenandAlexanderPope.
Similarly,inthe20thcentury,thecelebrationoftheordinarycameinpartfromareactionagainstoutdatedformsofexpression.Earlyinthecentury,poetsofthemovementknownasimagism–includingAmericansEzraPound,H.D.(HildaDoolittle),AmyLowell,andWilliamCarlosWilliams–turnedfromideastothings,andtheimpersonaldescriptionofobjectsintheworld,astylewhichcouldactuallyproduceaprofoundemotionalresponseinthereader.Williamswentsofarastodeclare,“Noideasbutinthings.”DeeplyinfluencedbyChineseandJapanesepoets,hewrotepoemsinwhichthepresenceofanobjecttookcentralplace.
OpenformisaconceptdevelopedbyAmericanpoetCharlesOlsonin1950.Opposingittosuchso-called“closedforms”asthesonnet,Olsonproposedanewpoetrythatgaveitselfovertomomentarysensationsandassociations,inwhichtheprocessofthepoem'scomposition,ratherthanbeingconcealedbeneathanordered,finishedsurface,madeitselffeltthroughshifts,leaps,hesitations,andfragmentation.
Ⅲ.TheComponentsofPoetry
Usually,apoemhasatitle,yetitdoesn’tmeanthateachpoemmusthaveatitle.Thetitleoftensuggeststhecentralmeaning(theme)ofthepoem.Poetryiswritteninsentencesjustasproseis,andthepunctuationindicateallgrammaticalpauses.Thelinesinapoemendintwoways:
END–STOPPEDandRUN–ON.Anend-stoppedlineisoneinwhichthegrammaticalunit,aclauseorsentence,isfinishedintheline:
O,myluveislikearedredrose,
ThatisnewlysprunginJune,
O,myluveislikethemelodie,
That’ssweetlyplayedintune.
(RobertBurns,ARed,RedRose)
Arun-online(sometimescalledanenjambedline),ontheotherhand,isalineinwhichthegrammer,andthusthesense,isleftunfinishedattheendoftheline.Theclauseorsentencemayrunononeortwomorelines,asinBrowning’sMyStar:
AllthatIknow
Ofacertainstar
Is,itcanthrow
Liketheangledspar.
Run-onlinesgenerallycreatepleasurablefeelingsofexpectationasthereaderhastolookfurtherforthefullsenseofwhatisbeingsaid;andintheend-stoppedlines,heacquiressatisfactioninfindingthelineandthesenseendtogether.
ASTANZAisagroupoflinesofverseformingoneoftheunitsordivisionsofapoem.Itisusuallyrecurrent,characterizedbyaregularpattern,withrespecttothenumberoflines,andthearrangementofmeterofrhyme(rhymescheme).Rhymeistherepetitionofsoundsintwoormorewordsorphrasesthatappearclosetoeachotherinapoem,whichareusuallylabeledwithlettersalphabetically,likeA,B,CorD.
Commonstanzaformsincludethecouplet,thetriplet,andthequatrain.
A.Couplet:
twosuccessiverhyminglines.ThecoupletisoneofthemainverseunitsinWesternliterature.Thecoupletcomposedoftwoiambicpentameterlinesiscommonlyknownastheheroiccouplet.
B.Triplet:
astanzaofthreelinesoranindividualpoemofthreelines.Therearespecifictripletforms,withspecificnames:
tercet,terzarima.Terzarimaisaseriesofinterlockingtripletsinwhichthesecondlineofeachonerhymeswiththefirstandthethirdlinesoftheonesucceeding,thus:
ABA,BCB,CDC,…TerzarimawasadoptedfirstbyDante,thenusedbyPetrarchandBoccaccio.
C.Quatrain:
astanzaoranindividualpoemoffourlinesrhymedorunrhymed.ItoccursasthecommonestofallstanzaicformsinEasternandWesternpoetries,andlendsitselftowidevariationinmeterandrhyme.
Ⅳ.BasicElementsofPoetry
A.Rhyme
Rhymeschemeisthemostobviouscharacteristicofapoem.Rhymeistherepetitionofthestressedvowelsoundandallsucceedingsounds:
gay,day,play,may;orwall,fall.
1.NumeralTypesofRhyme
a.Singlerhyme,orMasculineRhymeistherepetitionofonevowel,eitherasinglevoweloradiphthong:
Aheavyweightofhourshaschainedandbowed
Onetoolikethee:
tameless,andswift,andproud.
(P.B.Shelley,OdetotheWestWind)
b.DoubleRhyme,orFeminineRhymeistherepetitionoftwovowels:
ThushaveIhadtheeasadreamdothflatter,
Insleep,aking:
butwaking,nosuchmatter.
(W.Shakespeare,Sonnet87)
c.TripleRhyme,orMultipleRhymeistherepetitionofthreeormorethanthreevowelsinwords,orinphrases.
2.PositionalTypesofRhyme
Onthebasisoftheposition,therhymefallsintoseveraltypes.
a.EndRhyme
Iftherhymingwordsoccurattheendsoflines,itiscalledendrhyme.
Womanmuchmissed,howyoucalltome,calltome,
Sayingthatnowyouarenotasyouwere
Whenyouhadchangedfromonewhowasalltome,
Butasatfirst,whenourdaywasfair.
(ThomasHardy,TheVoice)
Endrhymeisthecommonestandmostconsciouslysought-aftersoundrepetitioninEnglishpoetry.
b.InternalRhyme
Internalrhymeoccurswithinthever
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