物理化学习题解答下.docx
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物理化学习题解答下.docx
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物理化学习题解答下
习题p55~59
1解:
阴极2H+(aq)+2e-→H2(g)
阳极H2O(l)–2e-→1/2O2(g)+2H+
电池反应H2O(l)→1/2O2(g)+H2(g)
p总=pH2+pO2+pH2O=100kPa
pH2O=3565Pa
pO2=1/2pH2
pH2=2/3×(100000-3565)=64290Pa
(1)若制得1m3的气体:
nH2=pH2V总/RT=64290×1/(8.314×300)=25.77mol
ξ=25.77mol
Q=z+Fξ=It,2×96484.5×25.77=5t,t=994562S
(2)若制得1m3的H2:
pH2=p总–pH2O=100000–3565=96435Pa
nH2=pH2V总/RT=96435×1/(8.314×300)=38.66mol
ξ=38.66mol
Q=z+Fξ=It,2×96484.5×38.66=5t,t=1492036S
(3)若制得1m3的O2:
pO2=p总–pH2O=100000–3565=96435Pa
nO2=p总VO2/RT=96435×1/(8.314×300)=38.66mol
ξ=77.33mol
Q=z-Fξ=It,2×96484.5×77.33=5t,t=2984458S
2解:
Cu2++2e-→Cu(s)
2NaCl+2H2O→2NaOH(aq)+Cl2(g)+H2(g)
ξ=mCu/MCu=30.4/63.54=0.4784mol
理论nNaOH=2×0.4784mol
实际nNaOH=1.0mol.dm3×0.6dm3=0.6mol
电流效率=实际nNaOH/理论nNaOH×100%=0.6mol/(2×0.4784mol)×100%
=62.7%
3解:
阳极区:
Ag(s)–e-→Ag+
ξ=mAg/MAg=0.078/107.87=7.231×10-4mol
n电=7.231×10-4mol
阳极区Ag+物质的量变化:
n终=n始–n迁+n电
n始=23.14×0.00739/169.875=1.007×10-3mol
n终=0.236/169.875=1.389×10-3mol
n迁=n始+n电–n终=1.007×10-3+7.231×10-4–1.389×10-3=3.411×10-4mol
tAg+=n迁/n电=3.411×10-4/7.231×10-4=0.472
阳极区NO3-物质的量变化:
n终=n始+n迁
n迁=n终–n始=1.389×10-3–1.007×10-3=3.82×10-4mol
tNO3-=n迁/n电=3.82×10-4/7.231×10-4=0.528
4解:
阴极区:
AgCl(s)–e-→Ag(s)+Cl-
ξ=mAg/MAg=160.24×10-3/107.87=1.4855×10-3mol
n电=1.4855×10-3mol
阴极区Cl-物质的量变化:
n终=n始–n迁+n电
n始=120.99×1.4941×10-3/74.555=2.4247×10-3mol
n终=120.99×1.9404×10-3/74.555=3.1489×10-3mol
n迁=n始–n终+n电=2.4247×10-3–3.1489×10-3+1.4855×10-3=7.613×10-4mol
tCl-=n迁/n电=7.613×10-4/1.4855×10-3=0.512
阴极区K+物质的量变化:
n终=n始+n迁
n迁=n终–n始=3.1489×10-3–2.4247×10-3=7.242×10-4mol
tK+=n迁/n电=7.242×10-4/1.4855×10-3=0.488
5解:
阳极区:
Pb(s)–2e-→Pb2+
ξ=mAg/M2Ag=0.1658/(2×107.87)=7.6852×10-4mol
n电=7.6852×10-4mol
阳极区Pb2+物质的量变化:
n终=n始–n迁+n电
n始=62.50×16.64/(1000+16.64)/331.1998=3.0887×10-3mol
n终=1.151/331.1998=3.4752×10-3mol
n迁=n始–n终+n电=3.0887×10-3–3.4752×10-3+7.6852×10-4=3.8202×10-4mol
tPb2+=n迁/n电=3.8202×10-4/7.6852×10-4=0.499
6解:
(1)阴极区:
1/n[Agn(CN)m]z-+e-→Ag(s)+m/nCN-(aq)
ξ=1.0mol
n电=1.0mol
阴极区Ag+物质的量变化:
n终=n始–n迁–n电
n迁=n始–n始–n电=1.40–1=0.4mol
tAg+=n迁/n电=0.60/1=0.40
阴极区K+物质的量变化:
n终=n始+n迁
n迁=n终–n始=0.60mol
tK+=n迁/n电=0.60/1=0.60
阴极区CN-物质的量变化:
n终=n始–n迁+m/nn电
n迁=n始–n终+m/n=(0.80+m/n)mol
tCN-=n迁/n电=(0.80+m/n)/1=0.80+m/n=1
m/n=2
n=1,m=2,Z=1
(2)阴极区K+物质的量变化:
n终=n始+n迁
n迁=n终–n始=0.60mol
tK+=n迁/n电=0.60/1=0.60
t[Ag(CN)2]-=1–tK+=0.40
7解:
阳极区:
Cu(s)+xNH3-2e-→[Cu(NH3)x]2+
ξ=0.01mol
n电=0.005mol
阳极区[Cu(NH3)x]2+物质的量变化:
n终=n始-n迁+n电
n始=(103.66-2.091-1.571)×15.96/1000/159.5=0.010006mol
n终=2.091/159.5=0.01311mol
n迁=n始-n终+n电=0.010006-0.01311+0.005=1.896×10-3mol
阳极区NH3物质的量变化:
n终=n始-xn迁
n始=(103.66-2.091-1.571)×17.0/1000/17.0=0.099998mol
n终=1.571/17.0=0.09241mol
0.09241=0.099998-1.896x×10-3
x=4.00
t[Cu(NH3)4]2+=n迁/n电=1.896×10-3/0.005=0.379
8解:
Q=It=11.54×10-3×22×60=15.2328C
V=15×10-2×π×(1.0×10-2/2)2=1.175×10-5m3
tH+=z+cVF/It=1×0.01065×103×1.175×10-5×96484.5/15.2328=0.793
11解:
RHg=ρHgl/A,ρHg=RHgA/l=1Ω×1.0×10-6m2/(1062.936×10-3m)
ρHg=9.4079×10-7Ω.m
(1)RHg=ρHgKcell
(1),Kcell
(1)=RHg/ρHg=0.99895Ω/(9.4079×10-7Ω.m)=1.06182×106m-1
(2)R2/R1=Kcell
(2)/Kcell
(1)=0.107811
Kcell
(2)=1.06182×106×0.107811=1.14476×105m-1
κKCl=Kcell
(2)/R=114476×105m-1/17565Ω=6.5173G.m-1
31解:
Debye-Hückel公式:
离子强度:
NaCl:
1.0×10-4mol.kg-1:
I1=1/2×{1.0×10-4×12+1.0×10-4×(–1)2}=1.0×10-4mol.kg-1
r±=0.995
5.0×10-4mol.kg-1:
I2=1/2×{5.0×10-4×12+5.0×10-4×(–1)2}=5.0×10-4mol.kg-1
r±=0.989
MgCl2:
1.0×10-4mol.kg-1:
I1=1/2×{1.0×10-4×22+2.0×10-4×(–1)2}=3.0×10-4mol.kg-1
r±=0.983
5.0×10-4mol.kg-1:
I1=1/2×{5.0×10-4×22+1.0×10-3×(–1)2}=1.5×10-3mol.kg-1
r±=0.961
FeCl3:
1.0×10-4mol.kg-1:
I1=1/2×{1.0×10-4×32+3.0×10-4×(–1)2}=6.0×10-4mol.kg-1
r±=0.963
5.0×10-4mol.kg-1:
I1=1/2×{5.0×10-4×32+1.5×10-3×(–1)2}=3.0×10-3mol.kg-1
r±=0.920
34解:
不考虑水的离解对离子强度的影响:
I=1/2×{1.0×10-4×12+1.0×10-4×(–1)2}=1.0×10-4mol.kg-1
r±=0.9988
Kspө=aAg+aA-=a±2=(r±m±/mө)2=r±2(ν+ν-)mB2/mө2=r±2mB2
=0.99882×(1.0×10-4)2=9.976×10-7
(1)∵AgA的浓度远低于NaNO3的浓度,∴离子强度由NaNO3提供:
I=1/2×{0.1×12+0.1×(–1)2}=0.1mol.kg-1
r±=0.69
Ksp=aAg+.aA-=a±2=(r±m±/mө)2=r±2(ν+ν-)mB2/mө2=r±2mB2
r±mB=9.988×10-3,mB=1.4475×10-4mol.kg-1
(2)离子强度由HNO3提供:
I=1/2×{1.0×10-3×12+1.0×10-3×(–1)2}=0.001mol.kg-1
r±=0.964
Kspө=aAg+.aA-=rAg+mAg+rA-mA-/mө2=r±2mAg+mA-=9.976×10-7
mAg+=1.3×10-4mol.kg-1
mA-=8.257×10-5mol.kg-1
mH+=(8.7×10-4+8.257×10-5)=9.526×10-4mol.kg-1
mHA=(1.3×10-4-8.257×10-5)=4.743×10-5mol.kg-1
∵对于弱电解质溶液,浓度近似等于活度:
Kaө=mH+.mA-/mHA=9.526×10-4×8.257×10-5/4.743×10-5
=1.66×10-3
物理化学习题解答(九)
习题p109~116
1解:
(1)Pt︱H2(pH2)︱HCl(a)︱Cl2(pCl2)︱Pt
正极:
Cl2(pCl2)+2e-→2Cl-(a)
负极:
H2(pH2)–2e-→2H+(a)
电池反应:
H2(pH2)+Cl2(pCl2)==2HCl(a)
(2)Pt︱H2(pH2)︱H+(aH+)‖Ag+(aAg+)︱Ag(s)
正极:
Ag+(aAg+)+e-→Ag(s)
负极:
H2(pH2)–2e-→2H+(aH+)
电池反应:
H2(pH2)+Ag+(aAg+)==2H+(aH+)+Ag(s)
(3)Ag(s)︱AgI(s)︱I-(aI-)‖Cl-(aCl-)︱AgCl(s)︱Ag(s)
正极:
AgCl(s)+e-→Ag(s)+Cl-(aCl-)
负极:
Ag(s)+I-(aI-)–e-→AgI(s)
电池反应:
AgCl(s)+I-(aI-)==AgI(s)+Cl-(aCl-)
(4)Pb(s)︱PbSO4(s)︱SO42-(aSO42-)‖Cu2+(aCu2+)︱Cu(s)
正极:
Cu2+(aCu2+)+2e-→Cu(s)
负极:
Pb(s)+SO42-(aSO42-)–2e-→PbSO4(s)
电池反应:
Pb(s)+Cu2+(aCu2+)+SO42-(aSO42-)==PbSO4(s)+Cu(s)
(5)Pt︱H2(pH2)︱NaOH(a)︱HgO(s)︱Hg(l)
正极:
HgO(s)+H2O(l)+2e-→Hg(l)+2OH-(aOH-)
负极:
H2(pH2)+2OH-(aOH-)–2e-→2H2O(l)
电池反应:
HgO(s)+H2(pH2)==Hg(l)+H2O(l)
(6)Pt︱H2(pH2)︱H+(aH+)︱Sb2O3(s)︱Sb(s)
正极:
Sb2O3(s)+6H+(aH+)+6e-→2Sb(s)+3H2O(l)
负极:
H2(pH2)–2e-→2H+(aH+)
电池反应:
Sb2O3(s)+3H2(pH2)==2Sb(s)+3H2O(l)
(7)Pt︱Fe3+(a1),Fe2+(a2)‖Ag+(aAg+)︱Ag(s)
正极:
Ag+(aAg+)+e-→Ag(s)
负极:
Fe2+(a2)–e-→Fe3+(a1)
电池反应:
Ag+(aAg+)+Fe2+(a2)==Fe3+(a1)+Ag(s)
(8)Na(Hg)(aam)︱Na+(aNa+)‖OH-(aOH-)︱HgO(s)︱Hg(l)
正极:
HgO(s)+H2O(l)+2e-→Hg(l)+2OH-(aOH-)
负极:
2Na(Hg)(aam)–2e-→2Na+(aNa+)+2Hg(l)
电池反应:
2Na(Hg)(aam)+HgO(s)+H2O(l)==2Na+(aNa+)+2OH-(aOH-)+3Hg(l)
2解:
(1)AgCl(s)==Ag+(aAg+)+Cl-(aCl-)
电池:
Ag(s)︱Ag+(aAg+)‖Cl-(aCl-)︱AgCl(s)︱Ag(s)
正极:
AgCl(s)+e-→Ag(s)+Cl-(aCl-)
负极:
Ag(s)–e-→Ag+(aAg+)
电池反应:
AgCl(s)==Ag+(aAg+)+Cl-(aCl-)
(2)AgCl(s)+I-(aI-)==AgI(s)+Cl-(aCl-)
电池:
Ag(s)︱AgI(s)︱I-(aI-)‖Cl-(aCl-)︱AgCl(s)︱Ag(s)
正极:
AgCl(s)+e-→Ag(s)+Cl-(aCl-)
负极:
Ag(s)+I-(aI-)–e-→AgI(s)
电池反应:
AgCl(s)+I-(aI-)==AgI(s)+Cl-(aCl-)
(3)HgO(s)+H2(pH2)==Hg(l)+H2O(l)
电池:
Pt(s)︱H2(pH2)︱NaOH(a)︱HgO(s)︱Hg(l)
正极:
HgO(s)+H2O(l)+2e-→Hg(l)+2OH-(a)
负极:
H2(g)+2OH-(a)–2e-→2H2O(l)
电池反应:
HgO(s)+H2(pH2)→Hg(l)+H2O(l)
(4)Fe2+(aFe2+)+Ag+(aAg+)==Fe3+(aFe3+)+Ag(s)
电池:
Pt(s)︱Fe3+(aFe3+),Fe2+(aFe2+)‖Ag+(aAg+)︱Ag(s)
正极:
Ag+(aAg+)+e-→Ag(s)
负极:
Fe2+(aFe2+)–e-→Fe3+(aFe3+)
电池反应:
Fe2+(aFe2+)+Ag+(aAg+)==Fe3+(aFe3+)+Ag(s)
(5)2H2(pH2)+O2(pO2)==2H2O(l)
电池:
Pt︱H2(pH2)︱H+(aH+)︱O2(pO2)︱Pt(s)
正极:
O2(pO2)+4H+(aH+)+4e-→2H2O(l)
负极:
2H2(pH2)–4e-→4H+(aH+)
电池反应:
2H2(pH2)+O2(pO2)==2H2O(l)
(6)Cl2(pCl2)+2I-(aI-)==I2(s)+2Cl-(aCl-)
电池:
Pt︱I2(s))︱I-(aI-)‖Cl-(aCl-)︱Cl2(pCl2)︱Pt
正极:
Cl2(pCl2)+2e-→2Cl-(aCl-)
负极:
2I-(aI-)–2e-→I2(s)
电池反应:
Cl2(pCl2)+2I-(aI-)==I2(s)+2Cl-(aCl-)
(7)H2O(l)==H+(aH+)+OH-(aOH-)
电池:
Pt(s)︱H2(pH2)︱H+(aH+)‖OH-(aOH-)︱H2(pH2)︱Pt(s)
正极:
2H2O(l)+e-→2H2(pH2)+2OH-(aOH-)
负极:
H2(pH2)–2e-→2H+(aH+)
电池反应:
H2O(l)==H+(aH+)+OH-(aOH-)
(8)Mg(s)+1/2O2(g)+H2O(l)==Mg(OH)2(s)
电池:
Mg(s)︱Mg(OH)2(s)︱OH-(aOH-)︱O2(pO2)︱Pt(s)
正极:
1/2O2(g)+H2O(l)+2e-→2OH-(aOH-)
负极:
Mg(s)+2OH-(aOH-)–2e-→Mg(OH)2(s)
电池反应:
Mg(s)+1/2O2(g)+H2O(l)==Mg(OH)2(s)
(9)Pb(s)+HgO(s)==Hg(l)+PbO(s)
电池:
Pb(s)︱PbO(s)︱OH-(aOH-)HgO(s)︱Hg(l)
正极:
HgO(s)+H2O(l)+2e-→Hg(l)+2OH-(aOH-)
负极:
Pb(s)+2OH-(aOH-)–2e-→PbO(s)+H2O(l)
电池反应:
Pb(s)+HgO(s)==Hg(l)+PbO(s)
(10)Sn2+(aSn2+)+Tl3+(aTl3+)==Sn4+(aSn4+)+Tl+(aTl+)
电池:
Pt(s)︱Sn2+(aSn2+),Sn4+(aSn4+)‖Tl3+(aTl3+),Tl+(aTl+)︱Pt(s)
正极:
Tl3+(aTl3+)+2e-→Tl+(aTl+)
负极:
Sn2+(aSn2+)–2e-→Sn4+(aSn4+)
电池反应:
Sn2+(aSn2+)+Tl3+(aTl3+)==Sn4+(aSn4+)+Tl+(aTl+)
15解:
Fe(s)+Cd2+(aq)==Cd(s)+Fe2+(aq)
E=Eө–RT/2F×ln{[Fe2+]/[Cd2+]}
(1)E=φөcd2+/Cd–φөFe2+/Fe-RT/2F×ln{[Fe2+]/[Cd2+]}
=-0.40+0.44–0.0592/2lg{0.1/0.1}=0.04>0
反应能自发向右进行,故金属Fe首先被氧化。
(2)E=φөCd2+/Cd–φөFe2+/Fe–RT/2F×ln{[Fe2+]/[Cd2+]}
=–0.40+0.44–0.0592/2lg{0.1/0.0036}=–0.003<0
反应能自发向左进行,故金属Cd首先被氧化。
23解:
Pb(s)︱PbSO4(s)︱H2SO4(1.0mol.kg-1)︱PbO2(s)∣PbSO4(s)︱Pb(s)
正极:
PbO2(s)+4H+(m)+SO42-(aSO42-)+2e-→PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)
φPbO2/PbSO4=φөPbO2/PbSO4+RT/2FlnaSO42-aH+4
负极:
Pb(s)+SO42-(aSO42-)–2e-→PbSO4(s)
φPbSO4/Pb=φөPb2+/Pb+RT/2Fln{Kөsp/aSO42-}
电池反应:
PbO2(s)+Pb(s)+2H2SO4(m)==2PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)
E=φPbO2/PbSO4–φPbSO4/Pb=φөPbO2/PbSO4–φөPb2+/Pb–RT/2FlnKөsp+RT/FlnaH2SO4
E=Eө+RT/FlnaH2SO4=2.041+RT/FlnaH2SO4
E/V=1.91737+56.1×10-6(t/℃)+1.08×10-8(t/℃)2
E=1.91737+56.1×10-6×25+1.08×10-8×252=1.91878V
1.919=2.041+RT/FlnaH2SO4,lnaH2SO4=–4.7511
lnaH2SO4=lnr±3mH+2mSO42-=–4.7511
3lnr±+2lnmH++lnmSO42-=–4.7511
3lnr±+2ln2.0+ln1.0=–4.7511
lnr±=–2.0458,r±=0.129
24解:
正极:
I2(s)+2e-→2I-(a3)
φI2/I-=φөI2/I-+RT/Flna3
负极:
2S2O32-(a1)–2e-→S4O62-(a2)
φS4O62-/S2O32-=φөS4O62-/S2O32-+RT/2Fln(a2/a2)
电池反应:
2S2O32-(a1)+I2(s)==S4O62-(a2)+2I-(a3)
△rHөm=2{
(2)–
(1)+(3)}=2{28.786-46.735+3.431}=–29.04kJ.mol-1
△rSөm=2×105.9+146.0–116.7–2×33.47=174.16J.K-1.mol-1
△rGөm=△rHөm–T△rSөm=–29.04×103–298×174.16×10-3=–80.94kJ.mol-1
Eө=–△rGөm/nF=80.94×103/2/96484.5=0.419V
Eө=φөI2/I-—φөS4O62-/S2O32-=0.419V
φөS4O62-/S2O32=φөI2/I-—0.419=0.535–0.419=0.116V
25解:
Pt(s)︱H2(pө)︱H2SO4(0.010mol.kg-1)︱O2(pө)︱Pt(s)
正极:
O2(pө)+4H+(aH+)+4e-→2H2O(l)
φO2/H2O=φөO2/H2O+RT/4Fln{(pO2/pө)aH+4}
负极:
2H2(pө)–4e-→4H+(aH+)
φH+/H2=φөH+/H2–RT/4Fln{(pH2/pө)2/aH+4}
电池反应:
O2(pө)+2H2(pө)==2H2O(l)
E=φO2/H2O–φH+/H2=φөO2/H2O–φөH+/H2+RT/4Fln{(pO2/pө)(pH2/pө)2}
E=φO2/H2O–φH+/H2=φөO2/H2O–φөH+/H2=Eө=1.227V
∵2H2O(g)==O2(g)+2H2(g)Kөp=9.7×10-81
Kөp=(pH2/pө)2(pO2/pө)/(pH2O/pө)2=9.
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