现代语言学所出名词解释文档格式.docx
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现代语言学所出名词解释文档格式.docx
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7).Languagecompetence:
Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Atransformational-generativegrammar(转化生成语法)isamodeloflanguagecompetence.
8).Languageperformance:
performanceistheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.
9).Langue:
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;
Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;
Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.
10).Parole:
Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;
paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;
parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
11).Language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
12).Arbitrariness:
Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.
13).Productivity:
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
14).Duality:
Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerorbasiclevel,andtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.
15).Displacement:
languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
16).Culturaltransmission:
Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.
17).Designfeatures:
Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication
18).phonetics:
Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;
itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages
19).auditoryphonetics:
Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer’spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.
20).acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.
21).internationalphoneticalphabet[IPA]:
Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.
22).Broadtranscription:
thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly,.oneletter-symbolforonesound.Thisisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.
23).Narrowtranscription:
isthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.Thisisthetranscriptionusedbythephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.
24).diacritics:
isasetofsymbolswhichcanbeaddedtotheletter-symbolstomakefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemakepossible.
25).Voiceless(清音):
whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.
26).Voicing(辅音):
Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.
27).Vowel:
thesoundsinproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.
28).Consonants:
thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.
29).phonology:
Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;
itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
30).phone:
Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.
31).phoneme:
acollectionofabstractphoneticfeatures,itisabasicunitinphonology.Itisrepresentedorrealizedasacertainphonebyacertainphoneticcontext.
32).allophone:
Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Forexample[l]and[l]
33).phonemiccontrast:
Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonemiccontrast.
34).minimalpair:
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Forexample:
binandpin.
35).Suprasegmentalfeatures:
thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,toneandintonation.
36).tone:
Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionothetoneisespeciallyimportantintonelanguages,forexample,inChinese.
37).intonation:
Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Forexample,Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation:
thefallingtone,therisingtone,thefaMorphology:
Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Itisdividedintotwosub-branches:
inflectionalmorphologyandlexicalorderivationalmorphology.
38).Inflectionalmorphology:
Theinflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflections
39).Derivationalmorphology:
Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.
40).Morpheme:
Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Forexample:
theword“boyish”consistsoftwomorphemes:
“boy”and“ish”.
41).Freemorpheme:
Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.Forexample:
“help”,“table”,“room”areallfreemorphemes.
42).Boundmorpheme:
Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.Forexample:
“-er”,“dis-“,“-less”areallboundmorphemes.
43).Root:
Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;
itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;
itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.Forexample:
theroot“geo-“combineswithanotherroot“-ology”,wegettheword“geology”.
44).Affix:
morphemesmanifestingvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.Affixesareoftwotypes:
inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories,suchas“-ing”,“-est”,whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword,suchas“-ly”,“dis-“,“un-“.
45).Inflection(屈折):
themanifestationofvariousgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.
46).Prefix:
Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofaword.Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,buttheyusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.
47).Suffix:
Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;
theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.
48).Stem:
Astemistheexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.Astemcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformhimself.
49).Derivation:
Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.
50).Compounding:
Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.
51).syntax:
Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.
52).hierarchicalstructure(层次结构):
thesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNPandVP.
53).syntacticcategory:
Apartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword(calledalexicalcategory)oraphrase(calledaphrasalcategory)thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction,suchasthesubjectorobjectinasentence.Constituentsthatcan
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