现代语言学概论 详细笔记Word文档下载推荐.docx
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现代语言学概论 详细笔记Word文档下载推荐.docx
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–treatlanguageasasystem
–definetheunitsoflanguage
–studytherelationsamongunitsandtherulesofcombination
••Synchronicstudy
–studythelanguagesystematagivenperiod
–treatthesystemasbeingstatic
–concentrateononelanguageandonthespeaker’sknowledgeofthelanguage
••Diachronicstudy
–studythelanguagesystemsindifferentperiods
–concentrateonhowlanguageschange
–oftenneedstostudyseveraldifferentlanguages
Languevs.parole
(languagevs.speech)
•thesystemoflanguage
•asetofsocialconventions
•existsinthemindofeachspeaker
•learnedbyeachspeaker
•allspeakershavethesamesystem
•moreorlessfixed
•aspeakerispowerlesstocreateitormodifyit
•actualspeech
•anindividualactofthewillandtheintelligence
•aspeakerhasfreedominutteringsentences,isfreetochoosewhattosay
•ancillary/accidental
•Thespeechesoftwospeakersmayberatherdifferent
••Competence:
-theidealknowledgeofthespeaker
-apropertyofthemindofeachspeaker
competence=knowledgeofgrammar
•Performance
-actualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterance
-influencedbypsychological&
socialfactors
•Theoreticallinguistics(理论语言学)
–Phonetics
–Phonology
–Morphology
–Syntax
–Semantics
–*Pragmatics
–*DiscourseAnalysis(会话分析)
–*Textanalysis(语篇学)
Chapter2Language
∙2.1.Definitionoflanguage:
languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication
∙2.2.Designfeaturesoflanguage:
(1)duality(双重性):
languageiscomposedof2systems.
systemofsounds:
meaningless,limitednumber
systemofmeanings:
meaningful,relativelyunlimited
∙
(2).Arbitrariness
(任意性)
-Thecombinationofthesoundandmeaningoflinguisticsymbolsisasocialconvention.
-thereisnonecessaryorintrinsicconnectionbetweenthesymbols,andthemeaningofthesymbols
∙(3).Productivity(生成性)
-Productivityreferstothepropertythatlanguageenableslanguageuserstoproduceorunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesincludingnovelsentences.
-Noonewillhavedifficultyinunderstandingthesentence:
“theterroristswillbombtherailwayofTokoytomorrow.”
-Butthecommunicationsystemsofotheranimalsarenotproductive.
∙(4).Displacement
(移位性)
∙-Displacementisthepropertyoflanguagethatenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace.peoplecantalkaboutthingspresent,absent,inthepast,inthefuture.
∙(QueenElizabethⅠ)
∙(5).culturaltransmission(文化传递性)
-Languageandculturearecloselyrelatedtoeachother.
-Languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationbylearningratherbyinstinct.
-Languageisculturallytransmitted.
2.3.Functionsoflanguage
(whatlanguageisusedfor)
∙
(1).phatic:
-Phaticfunctionreferstolanguageusedforestablishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontactratherthanforexchanginginformationorideas.
-Greeting,farewells,andcommentsontheweatherserverthefunction.Suchas,“Howareyou?
”,“Aniceday,isn’tit?
”
∙
(2).Directive
-Whenlanguageisusedtogetthehearerdosomething,itservesadirectivefunction.
-Mostimperativesentencesareassociatedwiththisfunction.Suchasin“comein,please.”,“Dropinanytimeyoulike.”
∙(3).Informative
-Languageservesaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtotogiveinformationaboutfacts,tellwhatthespeakerbelieves.
-Mostdeclarativesentences,aswellasrhetoricalquestionsareusedtoservethisfunction.
∙(4).Interrogative
-Whenlanguageisusedtogetinformationfromothers,itservesaninterrogativefunction.
-Allthequestionsthatexpectanswersservethisfunction.Suchas,“whatisyourname?
”or“AreyouabletospeakJapanese?
∙(5).Expressive
-Expressivefunctionistheuseoflanguagetorevealsomethingabutthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.
-Inexpressivefunction,languageisusedtoevaluateandassertthespeaker’sattitudes.
-Someejaculationsaretheexamples,suchas,“oh,myGod!
”or“Themanisleaving,IwishtoGodhewouldgo!
∙(6).Evocative
-Evocativefunctionistheuseoflanguagetocreatecertainfeelinginthehearer.
-Evocativefunctionaimstoamuse,startle,anger,soothe,worry,orpleasethehearer.
-Jokes,advertising,propagandaareusedtoservetheevocativefunctionoflanguage.Suchas,
Cokerefreshesyoulikenoothercan.
Ifitisgottobeclean,it’sgottobetide.
∙(7).Performative
-Whenlanguageisusedto“dothings”,,toperformactions,itservestheperformativefunction.
-Withthesentencesbeinguttered,theactcanbeperformed,suchas,“Ideclaretheexamiscancelled.”or‘Ideclaretheclassisover.”
Chapter3Phonetics(语音学)
∙3.1.DefinitionofPhonetics(语音学):
Phoneticsisthescientificstudyofspeechsounds
∙Dealswithspeechsounds
∙Concernsallpossiblesoundshumanscanmake
3.2.ThethreemainbranchesofPhonetics:
∙Articulatory(发音)Phonetics:
∙thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsound.
∙Acoustic(声学)Phonetics:
∙thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech.
∙Auditory(听觉)Phonetics:
∙theperceptionofspeechsounds.
∙theperceptionofspeechsounds
∙3.3SpeechOrgans
∙Lips(labia唇)
∙Teeth(dentes齿)
∙Tooth-ridge(alveoli齿龈)
∙Hardpalate(硬腭)
∙Softpalate(velum软腭)
∙Uvula(小舌)
∙Tipoftongue(舌尖)
∙Bladeoftongue(舌面)
∙Frontoftongue(舌前部)
∙Backoftongue(舌后部)
∙Tongueroot(舌根)
∙Pharynx(声门)
∙Vocalcords(声带)
∙Nasalcavity(鼻腔)
∙Oralcavity(口腔)
∙Epiglottis(会厌)
∙Tongue(lingua)(舌)
3.4.Phonetictranscription(注音)
∙Asoundmayhavemanyvariations
Example1:
∙[p]inpeakisaspirated↔[ph]
∙[p]inspeakisunaspirated↔[p=]orsimply[p]
Example2:
∙[l]inleadisclear↔[l]
∙[l]indealisdark↔[ł]
∙Symbolsforsuchmorespecificsoundsarecalleddiacritics(变音符)
∙See胡壮麟,语言学教程,p.38
Narrowtranscription&
Broadtranscription
∙Narrowtranscription:
∙usemore,specificsymbols,i.e.diacratics
∙Broadtranscription:
∙Useordinarysymbols
Example:
help
Broadtranscription:
[help]
Narrowtranscription:
[hełph]
Commonlyuseddiacratics:
。
.~
3.5.TheEnglishsounds
∙Consonants(辅音)
∙Obstructionofairflow
∙E.g.[b],[k],[d],…
∙[+voiced][-voiced]
∙Vowels (元音)
∙Noairobstruction
∙E.g.[i][e][au],…
3.5.1Consonants(辅音)
1.Placeofarticulation
∙Bilabials(双唇音)
∙Labiodentals(唇齿音)
∙Dentals(齿音)
∙Alveolars(齿龈音)
∙Postalveolars(上齿龈)
∙Palatals(上腭音)
∙Retroflex(卷舌音)
∙Velars(软腭音)
∙Glottals(喉音)
2.Mannerofarticulation
∙Stops/Plosives(闭塞/爆破)
∙Fricatives(摩擦音)
∙Affricates(塞擦音)
∙Laterals(侧音)
∙Approximants(近音)
∙Nasals(鼻音)
3.5.2Vowels
∙criteria(parameters)ofvoweldescription:
①thepositionofhighestpartofthetongue:
∙front,central,back
∙②theheightoftongueraising:
∙high,middle,low
(theopennessofthemouth:
close,semi-close,semi-open,open)
∙③theshapeofthelips(thedegreeoflip-rounding):
rounded,unrounded
∙④thelengthortensenessofthevowel:
tensevs.laxorlongvs.short
Consonants(辅音)
Vowels(元音)
Morevowels
∙Laxvowels(松元音)-i,e,æ
,u,כ,∧
∙Tensevowels(紧元音)-ei,i:
,u:
,כ:
,a:
∙Roundvowels(圆唇音)-u:
,u,כ:
,כ,
∙Unroundvowels(非圆唇音)-ei,i:
,i,e,æ
,∧,a:
∙Diphthongs(双元音)
∙
Chapter4PHONOLOGY(音系学)
4.1
Thephonicmediumoflanguage(语言的语音媒介)
phonicmediumoflanguage(语言的语音媒介);
speechsounds(言语语音).
4.2Phonetics(语音学)
4.2.1Whatisphonetics?
∙λ
Definition:
Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;
itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'
slanguages.
Phoneticslooksatspeechsoundsfromthreedistinctbutrelatedpointsofview.
articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):
howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.
auditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):
howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.
acousticphonetics(声学语音学):
thewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves(声波),thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.
spectrographs(频谱仪)
4.2.2Organsofspeech(发音器官)
Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:
thepharyngealcavity(咽腔)--thethroat,
theoralcavity(口腔)--themouth
thenasalcavity(鼻腔)--thenose
1.lips唇
2.teeth牙齿
3.teethridge(alveolus)齿龈
4.hardpalate硬腭
5.softpalate(velum)软腭
6.uvula小舌
7.tipoftongue舌尖
8.bladeoftongue舌面
9.backoftongue舌后部
10.vocalcords声带
11
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