Transcript3Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Transcript3Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Strassen,Fibonacci,PolynomialMultiplication
Transcript-Lecture3
Goodmorningeveryone.Todaywearegoingtodosomealgorithms,backtoalgorithms,andwearegoingtousealotofthe,well,someofthesimplermathematicsthatwedevelopedlastclasslikethemastertheoremforsolvingrecurrences.Wearegoingtousethisalot.Becausewearegoingtotalkaboutrecursivealgorithmstoday.Andsowewillfindtheirrunningtimeusingthemastertheorem.Thisisjustthesameasitwaslasttime,Ihope,unlessImadeamistake.Acoupleofreminders.YoushouldallgotorecitationonFriday.Thatisrequired.Ifyouwantto,youcangotohomeworklabonSunday.Thatmaybeagoodexcuseforyoutoactuallyworkonyourproblemsetafewhoursearly.
Well,actually,it'
sdueonWednesdaysoyouhavelotsoftime.AndthereisnoclassonMonday.ItistheholidayknownasStudentHoliday,sodon'
tcome.TodaywearegoingtocoversomethingcalledDivideandConquer.AlsoknownasdivideandruleordivideetimperaforthoseofyouwhoknowLatin,whichisatriedandtestedwayofconqueringalandbydividingitintosectionsofsomekind.Itcouldbedifferentpoliticalfactions,differentwhatever.Andthensomehowmakingthemnolongerlikeeachother.Likestartingafamilyfeudisalwaysagoodmethod.Youshouldrememberthisonyourquiz.I'
mkidding.
Andifyoucanseparatethisbigpowerstructureintolittlepowerstructuressuchthatyoudominateeachlittlepowerstructurethenyoucanconquerallofthemindividually,aslongasyoumakesuretheydon'
tgetbacktogether.Thatisdivideandconqueraspracticed,say,bytheBritish.ButtodaywearegoingtododivideandconqueraspracticedinCormen,Leiserson,RivestandSteinoreveryotheralgorithmtextbook.Thisisaverybasicandverypowerfulalgorithmdesigntechnique.So,thisisourfirstrealalgorithmdesignexperience.
Wearestillsortofmostlyintheanalysismode,butwearegoingtodosomeactualdesign.We'
regoingtocovermaybeonlythreeorfourmajordesigntechniques.Thisisoneofthem,soitisreallyimportant.Anditwillleadtoallsortsofrecurrences,sowewillgettouseeverythingfromlastclassandseewhyitisuseful.Asyoumightexpect,thefirststepindivide-and-conquerisdivideandthesecondstepisconquer.
Butyoumaynothaveguessedthattherearethreesteps.AndIamleavingsomeblankspacehere,soyoushould,too.Divide-and-conquerisanalgorithmictechnique.Youaregivensomebigproblemyouwanttosolve,youdon'
treallyknowhowtosolveitinanefficientway,soyouaregoingtosplititupintosubproblems.Thatisthedivide.Youaregoingtodividethatproblem,ormorepreciselytheinstanceofthatproblem,theparticularinstanceofthatproblemyouhaveintosubproblems.Andthosesubproblemsshouldbesmallerinsomesense.AndsmallermeansnormallythatthevalueofNissmallerthanitwasintheoriginalproblem.So,yousortofmadesomeprogress.Nowyouhaveone,ormorelikelyyouhaveseveralsubproblemsyouneedtosolve.Eachofthemissmaller.So,yourecursivelysolveeachsubproblem.
Thatistheconquerstep.Youconquereachsubproblemrecursively.Andthensomehowyoucombinethosesolutionsintoasolutionforthewholeproblem.So,thisisthegeneraldivide-and-conquerparadigm.Andlotsofalgorithmsfitit.Youhavealreadyseenonealgorithmthatfitsthisparadigm,ifyoucanremember.Mergesort,good.Wow,youareallawake.I'
mimpressed.So,wesawmergesort.And,ifIamclever,Icouldfititinthisspace.Sure.Let'
sbeclever.Aquickreviewonmergesort.Phrasedinthis1,2,3kindofmethod.Thefirststepwastodivideyourarrayintotwohalves.Thisreallydoesn'
tmeananythingbecauseyoujustsortofthink,oh,Iwillpretendmyarrayisdividedintotwohalves.
Thereisnoworkhere.Thisiszerotime.Youjustlookatyourarray.Hereisyourarray.Iguessmaybeyoucomputen/2andtakethefloor.Thattakesconstanttime.AndyousayOK,Iampretendingmyarrayisnowdividedintotheleftpartandtherightpart.Andthentheinterestingpartisthatyourecursivelysolveeachone.That'
stheconquer.Werecursivelysorteachsubarray.Andthenthethirdstepistocombinethosesolutions.Andsoherewereallyseewhatthismeans.Wenowhaveasortedversionofthisarraybyinduction.Wehaveasortedversionofthisarraybyinduction.
Wenowwantthesortedversionofthewholearray.Andwesawthatwasthemergeproblem,mergingtwosortedarrays.Andthatwesawhowtodoinlineartime,orderntime.Iamnotgoingtorepeatthat,butthepointisitfallsintothatframework.Iwanttowritetherunningtimeandmergesortasarecurrence.Youhavealreadyseentherecurrence,youhavealreadybeentoldthesolution,butnowweactuallyknowhowtosolveit.And,furthermore,everyalgorithmthatfollowsthedivide-and-conquerparadigmwillhavearecurrenceofprettymuchthesameform,verymuchlikeourgoodfriendthemastermethod.Let'
sdoitformergesortwherewesortofalreadyknowtheanswerandgetabitofpractice.
Thisisthemergesortrecurrence.Youshouldknowandlovethisrecurrencebecauseitcomesupallovertheplace.Itcomesfromthisgeneralapproachbyjustseeingwhatarethesizesofthesubproblemsyouaresolvingandhowmanythereareandhowmuchextraworkyouaredoing.Youhaveherethesizeofthesubproblems.Ithappensherethatbothsubproblemshavethesamesizeroughly.Thereisthissloppinessthatwehave,whichreallyshouldbeToffloorofnover2plusTofceilingofnover2.
AndwhenyougotorecitationonFridayyouwillseewhythatisOK,thefloorsandceilingsdon'
tmatter.Thereisatheoremyoucanprovethatthat'
shappy.YoucanassumethatNisapowerof2,butwearejustgoingtoassumethatfornow.Wejusthavetwoproblemswithsizenover2.This2isthenumberofsubproblems.Andthisordernisalltheextraworkwearedoing.Now,whatistheextraworkpotentially?
Well,theconqueringisalwaysjustrecursion.Thereissortofnoworkthereexceptthisleadpart.Thedividinginthiscaseistrivial,butingeneralitmightinvolvesomework.Andthecombininghereinvolveslinearwork.So,thisisthedivide-and-conquerrunningtimes.
So,thisisthenonrecursivework.Andthatisgenerallyhowyouconvertadivide-and-conqueralgorithmintoarecurrence.It'
sreallyeasyandyouusuallygettoapplythemastermethod.HereweareinCase2.Verygood.ThisisCase2.Andkiszerohere.Andsointherecursiontree,allofthecostsareroughlythesame.Theyareallntothelogbasebofa.Herentothelogbase2of2isjustn.Sotheseareequal.Wegetanextralogfactorbecauseofthenumberoflevelsintherecursiontree.Remembertheintuitionbehindthemastermethod.Thisisnlogn,andthatisgood.Mergesortisafastsortingalgorithmnlogn.Insertionsortwasnsquared.Insomesense,nlognisthebestyoucando.Wewillcoverthatintwolecturesfromnow,butjustforeshadowing.
Todaywearegoingtododifferentdivide-and-conqueralgorithms.Sortingisoneproblem.Thereareallsortsofproblemswemightwanttosolve.Itturnsoutalotofthemyoucanapplydivide-and-conquerto.Noteveryproblem.Likehowtowakeupinthemorning,it'
snotsoeasytosolveadivide-and-conquer,althoughmaybethat'
sagoodproblemsetproblem.Thenextdivide-and-conqueralgorithmwearegoingtolookatisevensimplerthansorting,evensimplerthanmergesort,butitdriveshomethepointofwhenyouhaveonlyonesubproblem.Howmanypeoplehaveseenbinarysearchbefore?
Anyonehasn'
t?
One,OK.Iwillgoveryquicklythen.YouhavesomeelementX.YouwanttofindXinasortedarray.
Howmanypeoplehadnotseenitbeforetheysawitinrecitation?
Noone,OK.Good.Youhaveseenitinanotherclass,probably6.001orsomething.Verygood.Youtooktheprerequisites.OK.Ijustwanttophraseitasadivide-and-conquerbecauseyoudon'
tnormallyseeitthatway.ThedividestepisyoucompareXwiththemiddleelementinyourarray.Thentheconquerstep.Hereisyourarray.Hereisthemiddleelement.
YoucompareXwiththisthingiflet'
ssayXissmallerthanthemiddleelementinyourarray.YouknowthatXisinthelefthalfbecauseitissorted,aniceloopinvariantthere,whatever,butwearejustgoingtothinkofthatasrecursivelyIamgoingtosolvetheproblemoffindingXinthissubarray.Werecurseinonesubarray,unlikemergesortwherewehadtworecursions.Andthenthecombinedstepwedon'
tdoanything.ImeanifyoufindXinherethenyou'
vefoundXinthewholearray.Thereisnothingtobringitbackupreally.So,thisisjustphrasingbinarysearchinthedivide-and-conquerparadigm.Itiskindofatrivialexample,buttherearelotsofcircumstanceswhereyouonlyneedtorecurseinoneside.
Anditisimportanttoseehowmuchofadifferencemakingonerecursionversusmakingtworecursionscanbe.Thisistherecurrenceforbinarysearch.Westartwithaproblemsizen.Wereduceitto1.Thereisanimplicit1factorhere.Onesubproblemofsizenover2roughly.Again,floorsandceilingsdon'
tmatter.PlusaconstantwhichistocompareXwiththemiddleelement,soitisactuallylikeonecomparison.
Thishasasolution,logn.Andyouallknowtherunningtimeofbinarysearch,buthereitisatsolvingtherecurrence.Imean,thereareacoupleofdifferenceshere.Wedon'
thavetheadditiveordernterm.Ifwedid,itwouldbelinear,therunningthetime.Stillbetterthannlogn.So,wearegettingridofthe2,bringingitdowntoa1,takingthenan
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