因为违规使用手机而写的五千字检讨书文档格式.docx
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因为违规使用手机而写的五千字检讨书文档格式.docx
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Fortunately,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,be-
causethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohaveusedwood
andskins,butthesehaverottedaway.Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsof
longagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhave
disappearedwithouttrace.
2.
Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?
Becausetheydestroyso
manyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehuman
race.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;
theywould
devourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotection
wegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeat
insectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyed
byspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdo
theleastharmtousorourbelongings.
Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.
Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglanceforaspideralwayshaseightlegs
andaninsectnevermorethansix.
Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworkonourbehalf?
Oneauthorityon
spidersmadeacensusofthespidersinagrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,and
heestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre,thatissomething
like6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.Spidersarebusyfor
atleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects.Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthe
wildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontent
withonlythreemealsaday.Ithasbeenestimatedthattheweightofallthein-
sectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotal
weightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.
T.H.GILLESPIESparethatSpiderfromTheListener
3.
Modernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgood
sport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded.Inthepioneering
days,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfor
theeasiestwaytothetopbecausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especi-
allyifithadneverbeenattainedbefore.Itistruethatduringtheirexplorations
theyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equipped
inamannerwhichwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,but
theydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement.Theyhadasingleaim,
asolitarygoal--thetop!
Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers.Ex-
ceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidly
becomepopular,Alpinevillagestendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutoff
fromcivilizationbythehighmountains.Suchinnsastherewereweregenerally
dirtyandflea-ridden;
thefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybreadoften
twelvemonthsold,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine.Oftenavalleyboastedno
innatall,andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould--sometimeswiththe
localpriest(whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishioners),sometimeswithshep-
herdsorcheesemakers.Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:
dirtand
poverty,andveryuncomfortable.Formenaccustomedtoeatingseven-course
dinnersandsleepingbetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlps
musthavebeenveryhardindeed.
4.
IntheSovietUnionseveralcaseshavebeenreportedrecentlyofpeoplewho
canreadanddetectcolourswiththeirfingers,andevenseethroughsoliddoors
andwalls.Onecaseconcernsan'
eleven-year-oldschoolgirl,VeraPetrova,who
hasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferentpartsofher
skin,andthroughsolidwalls.Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather.One
dayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputherhandsonthedoorofa
lockedsafe.Suddenlysheaskedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspapers
lockedawaythere,andevendescribedthewaytheyweredoneupinbundles.
Vera'
scurioustalentwasbroughttothenoticeofascientificresearchinstitute
inthetownofUIyanovsk,nearwhereshelives,andinAprilshewasgivena
seriesoftestsbyaspecialcommissionoftheMinistryofHealthoftheRussian
FederalRepublic.Duringthesetestsshewasabletoreadanewspaperthrough
anopaquescreenand,strangerstill,bymovingherelbowoverachild'
sgameof
Lottoshewasabletodescribethefiguresandcoloursprintedonit;
and,inan-
otherinstance,wearingstockingsandslippers,tomakeoutwithherfootthe
outlinesandcoloursofapicturehiddenunderacarpet.Otherexperiments
showedthatherkneesandshouldershadasimilarsensitivity.Duringallthese
testsVerawasblindfold;
and,indeed,exceptwhenblindfoldshelackedthe
abilitytoperceivethingswithherskin.ltwasalsofoundthatalthoughshe
couldperceivethingswithherfingersthisabilityceasedthemomentherhands
werewet.
5.
ThegorillaissomethingofaparadoxintheAfricanscene.Onethinksone
knowshimverywell.Forahundredyearsormorehehasbeenkilled,captured,
andimprisoned,inzoos.Hisboneshavebeenmountedinnaturalhistory
museumseverywhere,andhehasalwaysexertedastrongfascinationuponscien-
tistsandromanticsalike.Heisthestereotypedmonsterofthehorrorfilmsand
theadventurebooks,andanobvious(thoughnotperhapsstrictlyscientific)link
withourancestralpast.
Yetthefactisweknowverylittleaboutgorillas.Noreallysatisfactoryphoto-
graphhaseverbeentakenofoneinawildstate,nozoologist,howeverintrepid,
hasbeenabletokeeptheanimalundercloseandconstantobservationinthe
darkjunglesinwhichhelives.CarlAkeley,theAmericannaturalist,ledtwo
expeditionsinthenineteen-twenties,andnowliesburiedamongtheanimalshe
lovedsowell.Butevenhewasunabletodiscoverhowlongthegorillalives,or
howorwhyitdies,norwasheabletodefinetheexactsocialpatternofthe
familygroups,orindicatethefinalextentoftheirintelligence.Allthisandmany
otherthingsremainalmostasmuchamysteryastheywerewhentheFrench
explorerDuChaillufirstdescribedtheanimaltothecivilizedworldacentury
ago.TheAbominableSnowmanwhohauntstheimaginationofclimbersinthe
Himalayasishardlymoreelusive.
6.
Peoplearealwaystalkingabout'
theproblemofyouth'
.Ifthereisone--which
Itakeleavetodoubt--thenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthem-
selves.Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterall
humanbeings--peoplejustliketheirelders.Thereisonlyonedifferencebe-
tweenanoldmanandayoungone:
theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebefore
himandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:
andmaybethatiswhere
therubis.
WhenIwasateenager,IfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertain--thatIwas
anewboyinahugeschool,andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegarded
assomethingsointerestingasaproblem.Foronething,beingaproblemgives
youacertainidentity,andthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengaged
inseeking.
Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.Theyhaveanairoffreedom,andtheyhavenota
drearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort.Theyarenotanxious
socialclimbers,andtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings.AllthisseemstO
metolinkthemwithlife,andtheoriginsofthings.It'
sasiftheywereinsome
sensecosmicbeingsinviolentanlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures.
AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.Hemaybeconceited,ill-
mannered,presumptuousoffatuous,butIdonotturnforprotectiontodreary
clichesaboutrespectforelders--asifmereagewereareasonforrespect.I
acceptthatweareequals,andIwillarguewithhim,asanequal,ifIthinkhe
iswrong.
7.
IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbe-
tweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesoftheworldcouldmeet
oneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeeton
thebattlefield.Evenifonedidn'
tknowfromconcreteexamples(the1936
OlympicGames,forinstance)thatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgies
ofhatred,onecoulddeduceitfromgeneralprinciples.
Nearlyallthesportspractisednowadaysarecompetitive.Youplaytowin,
andthegamehaslittlemeaningunlessyoudoyourutmosttowin.Onthevillage
green,whereyoupickupsidesandnofeelingoflocalpatriotismisinvolved,it
ispossibletoplaysimplyforthefunandexercise:
butassoonasthequestionof
prestigearises,assoonasyoufeelthatyouandsomelargerunitwillbedis-
gracedifyoulose,themostsavagecombativeins
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