TED英语演讲稿越有钱越无情演讲稿Word下载.docx
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TED英语演讲稿越有钱越无情演讲稿Word下载.docx
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sbeenrigged,andyou'
vegottheupperhand.You'
vegotmoremoney,moreopportunitiestomovearoundtheboard,andmoreaccesstoresources.Andasyouthinkaboutthatexperience,Iwantyoutoaskyourself,howmightthatexperienceofbeingaprivilegedplayerinariggedgamechangethewaythatyouthinkaboutyourselfandregardthatotherplayer?
SoweranastudyontheU.C.Berkeleycampustolookatexactlythatquestion.Webroughtinmorethan100pairsofstrangersintothelab,andwiththeflipofacoinrandomlyassignedoneofthetwotobearichplayerinariggedgame.Theygottwotimesasmuchmoney.WhentheypassedGo,theycollectedtwicethesalary,andtheygottorollbothdiceinsteadofone,sotheygottomovearoundtheboardalotmore.(Laughter)Andoverthecourseof15minutes,wewatchedthroughhiddencameraswhathappened.AndwhatIwanttodotoday,forthefirsttime,isshowyoualittlebitofwhatwesaw.You'
regoingtohavetopardonthesoundquality,insomecases,becauseagain,thesewerehiddencameras.Sowe'
veprovidedsubtitles.RichPlayer:
Howmany500sdidyouhave?
PoorPlayer:
Justone.
RichPlayer:
Areyouserious.PoorPlayer:
Yeah.
Ihavethree.(Laughs)Idon'
tknowwhytheygavemesomuch.
PaulPiff:
Okay,soitwasquicklyapparenttoplayersthatsomethingwasup.Onepersonclearlyhasalotmoremoneythantheotherperson,andyet,asthegameunfolded,wesawverynotabledifferencesanddramaticdifferencesbegintoemergebetweenthetwoplayers.Therichplayerstartedtomovearoundtheboardlouder,literallysmackingtheboardwiththeirpieceashewentaround.Weweremorelikelytoseesignsofdominanceandnonverbalsigns,displaysofpowerandcelebrationamongtherichplayers.
Wehadabowlofpretzelspositionedofftotheside.It'
sonthebottomrightcornerthere.Thatallowedustowatchparticipants'
consummatorybehavior.Sowe'
rejusttrackinghowmanypretzelsparticipantseat.
Arethosepretzelsatrick?
Idon'
tknow.
PP:
Okay,sonosurprises,peopleareontous.Theywonderwhatthatbowlofpretzelsisdoingthereinthefirstplace.Oneevenasks,likeyoujustsaw,isthatbowlofpretzelsthereasatrick?
Andyet,despitethat,thepowerofthesituationseemstoinevitablydominate,andthoserichplayersstarttoeatmorepretzels.
Ilovepretzels.
(Laughter)
Andasthegamewenton,oneofthereallyinterestinganddramaticpatternsthatweobservedbegintoemergewasthattherichplayersactuallystartedtobecomerudertowardtheotherperson,lessandlesssensitivetotheplightofthosepoor,poorplayers,andmoreandmoredemonstrativeoftheirmaterialsuccess,morelikelytoshowcasehowwellthey'
redoing.RichPlayer:
Ihavemoneyforeverything.PoorPlayer:
Howmuchisthat?
Youoweme24dollars.You'
regoingtoloseallyourmoneysoon.I'
llbuyit.Ihavesomuchmoney.Ihavesomuchmoney,ittakesmeforever.RichPlayer2:
I'
mgoingtobuyoutthiswholeboard.RichPlayer3:
You'
regoingtorunoutofmoneysoon.I'
mprettymuchuntouchableatthispoint.
Okay,andhere'
swhatIthinkwasreally,reallyinteresting,isthatattheendofthe15minutes,weaskedtheplayerstotalkabouttheirexperienceduringthegame.AndwhentherichplayerstalkedaboutwhytheyhadinevitablywoninthisriggedgameofMonopoly--(Laughter)—theytalkedaboutwhatthey'
ddonetobuythosedifferentpropertiesandearntheirsuccessinthegame,andtheybecamefarlessattunedtoallthosedifferentfeaturesofthesituation,includingthatflipofacointhathadrandomlygottenthemintothatprivilegedpositioninthefirstplace.Andthat'
sareally,reallyincredibleinsightintohowthemindmakessenseofadvantage.
NowthisgameofMonopolycanbeusedasametaphorforunderstandingsocietyanditshierarchicalstructure,whereinsomepeoplehavealotofwealthandalotofstatus,andalotofpeopledon'
t.Theyhavealotlesswealthandalotlessstatusandalotlessaccesstovaluedresources.AndwhatmycolleaguesandIforthelastsevenyearshavebeendoingisstudyingtheeffectsofthesekindsofhierarchies.Whatwe'
vebeenfindingacrossdozensofstudiesandthousandsofparticipantsacrossthiscountryisthatasaperson'
slevelsofwealthincrease,theirfeelingsofcompassionandempathygodown,andtheirfeelingsofentitlement,ofdeservingness,andtheirideologyofself-interestincreases.Insurveys,wefoundthatit'
sactuallywealthierindividualswhoaremorelikelytomoralizegreedbeinggood,andthatthepursuitofself-interestisfavorableandmoral.NowwhatIwanttodotodayistalkaboutsomeoftheimplicationsofthisideologyself-interest,talkaboutwhyweshouldcareaboutthoseimplications,andendwithwhatmightbedone.
Someofthefirststudiesthatweraninthisarealookedathelpingbehavior,somethingsocialpsychologistscallpro-socialbehavior.Andwewerereallyinterestedinwho'
smorelikelytoofferhelptoanotherperson,someonewho'
srichorsomeonewho'
spoor.Inoneofthestudies,webringinrichandpoormembersofthecommunityintothelabandgiveeachofthemtheequivalentof10dollars.Wetoldtheparticipantsthattheycouldkeepthese10dollarsforthemselves,ortheycouldshareaportionofit,iftheywantedto,withastrangerwhoistotallyanonymous.They'
llnevermeetthatstrangerandthestrangerwillnevermeetthem.Andwejustmonitorhowmuchpeoplegive.Individualswhomade25,000sometimesunder15,000dollarsayear,gave44percentmoreoftheirmoneytothestrangerthandidindividualsmaking150,000or200,000dollarsayear.
We'
vehadpeopleplaygamestoseewho'
smoreorlesslikelytocheattoincreasetheirchancesofwinningaprize.Inoneofthegames,weactuallyriggedacomputersothatdierollsoveracertainscorewereimpossible.Youcouldn'
tgetabove12inthisgame,andyet,thericheryouwere,themorelikelyyouweretocheatinthisgametoearncreditstowarda$50cashprize,sometimesbythreetofourtimesasmuch.
Werananotherstudywherewelookedatwhetherpeoplewouldbeinclinedtotakecandyfromajarofcandythatweexplicitlyidentifiedasbeingreservedforchildren--(Laughter)—participating--I'
mnotkidding.IknowitsoundslikeI'
mmakingajoke.Weexplicitlytoldparticipantsthisjarofcandy'
sforchildrenparticipatinginadevelopmentallabnearby.They'
reinstudies.Thisisforthem.Andwejustmonitoredhowmuchcandyparticipantstook.Participantswhofeltrichtooktwotimesasmuchcandyasparticipantswhofeltpoor.
veevenstudiedcars,notjustanycars,butwhetherdriversofdifferentkindsofcarsaremoreorlessinclinedtobreakthelaw.Inoneofthesestudies,welookedatwhetherdriverswouldstopforapedestrianthatwehadposedwaitingtocrossatacrosswalk.NowinCalifornia,asyouallknow,becauseI'
msurewealldothis,it'
sthelawtostopforapedestrianwho'
swaitingtocross.Sohere'
sanexampleofhowwedidit.That'
sourconfederateofftotheleftposingasapedestrian.Heapproachesastheredtrucksuccessfullystops.IntypicalCaliforniafashion,it'
sovertakenbythebuswhoalmostrunsourpedestrianover.(Laughter)Nowhere'
sanexampleofamoreexpensivecar,aPrius,drivingthrough,andaBMWdoingthesame.Sowedidthisforhundredsofvehiclesonseveraldays,justtrackingwhostopsandwhodoesn'
t.Whatwefoundwasthatastheexpensivenessofacarincreased,thedriver'
stendenciestobreakthelawincreasedaswell.Noneofthecars,noneofthecarsinourleastexpensivecarcategorybrokethelaw.Closeto50percentofthecarsinourmostexpensivevehiclecategorybrokethelaw.We'
verunotherstudiesfindingthatwealthierindividualsaremorelikelytolieinnegotiations,toendorseunethicalbehavioratworklikestealingcashfromthecashregister,takingbribes,lyingtocustomers.
NowIdon'
tmeantosuggestthatit'
sonlywealthypeoplewhoshowthesepatternsofbehavior.Notatall.Infact,Ithinkthatweall,inourday-to-day,minute-by-minutelives,strugglewiththesecompetingmotivationsofwhen,orif,toputourowninterestsabovetheinterestsofotherpeople.Andthat'
sunderstandablebecausetheAmericandreamisanideainwhichweallhaveanequalopportunitytosucceedandprosper,aslongasweapplyourselvesandworkhard,andapieceofthatmeansthatsometimes,youneedtoputyourowninterestsabovetheinterestsandwell-beingofotherpeoplearoundyou.Butwhatwe'
refindingisthat,thewealthieryouare,themorelikelyyouaretopursueavisionofpersonalsuccess,ofachievementandaccomplishment,tothedetrimentofothersaroundyou.HereI'
veplottedforyouthemeanhouseholdincomereceivedbyeachfifthandtopfivepercentofthepopulationoverthelast20years.In1993,thedifferencesbetweenthedifferentquintilesofthepopulation,intermsofincome,arefairlyegregious.It'
snotdifficulttodiscernthattherearedifferences.Butoverthelast20years,thatsignificantdifferencehasbecomeagrandcanyonofsortsbetweenthoseatthetopandeveryoneelse.Infact,thetop20percentofourpopulationowncloseto90percentofthetotalwealthinthiscountry.We'
reatunprecedentedlevelsofeconomicinequality.Whatthatmeans
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