国贸复习题型精华Word文件下载.docx
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国贸复习题型精华Word文件下载.docx
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comparativeadvantagecomesfromtherelativedifferenceofproductivitiesbasedontherelativedifferenceoftechnologies.Anationshouldproduceandexportthecommoditiesofcomparativeadvantage,andimportthecommoditiesofcomparativedisadvantage.
Termsoftrade贸易条件:
theratioofthepriceofitsexportcommoditytothepriceofitsimportcommodity
TheLeontiefParadox里昂惕夫之谜:
SincetheUnitedStateswasthemostK-abundantnationintheworld,Leontiefin1951usedU.S.datafortheyear1947andexpectedtofindthatitexportedK-intensivecommoditiesandimportedL-intensivecommodities
TheresultsofLeontief’stestwerestarling.Thatis,theU.S.seemedtoexportL-intensivecommoditiesandimportK-intensivecommodities.ThiswastheoppositeofwhattheH-OmodelpredictedandbecauseknownastheLeontiefParadox.(就是说根据H-O理论,美国是一个资本密集型的国家,应该出口资本密集型的产品,进口劳动密集型的产品,但事实缺相反)
Economicsofscale规模经济:
thepercentreductioninaveragecostsachievedbyexpendingallinputsbyagivenpercentage
Infantindustry幼稚产业:
Anindustryinwhichthereisapotentialadvantageinthefuture,butbecauselackofknow-howandtheinitialsmalllevelofoutput,willnotbesetupor,ifalreadystarted,cannotsuccessfullycompetewithmoreestablishedforeignfirms.
Buyerscredit买家信贷:
theexportingnationgivesforeignbuyersofthenation’sexportslow-interestloanstofinancethepurchase
二、画图
1.TheeffectofanImportQuotaunderMonopolistconditions.
垄断条件下的进口配额效应P170
2.Welfareeffectofexportsubsidyinlargecountrycase.
贸易大国情形下出口补贴的经济效应P183
producersurplusa+b+c
consumersurplusa+b
governmentsubsidyb+c+d+shadow
netsocialcostb+d+shadow
3.Rybczynskitheorem.罗伯津斯基定理P110
4.Subsidytoanimport-competingindustry对进口替代产业的生产补贴P187
5.DifferenttastesasaBasisforTrade.需求偏好不同所导致的国际贸易P99
(如第一章课件,牛肉和红酒的东东)
6.immiserizinggrowth.贫困化增长P111
7.Drawamapandthenexplaintheimpactoftariff(关税):
thesmall
countrycase
priceeffect:
p*risetop*+t
consumereffect:
-(a+b+c+d)
producereffect:
a
tradeeffect:
M0decreasetoM1
revenueeffect:
c
redistributionofincomeeffect:
thelossofconsumertransfertothebenefitofproducerortherevenueofgovernment
netwelfareeffect:
-(b+d)
8.Dumping.倾销P90
三、计算
1.REP(REP=(V’–V)/V)
2.Tradediversion
贸易创造a+b、贸易转移a+c
3.Thegainofacountryfromimporttariff
1.设中国是汽车进口(import)的小国,对汽车的需求和供给(demandandsupply)分别为:
Dc=2000-0.02P,Sc=1200+0.03P
并设国际市场上汽车的价格为10000美元,请用数字和图形说明下列问题:
(1)自由贸易(freetrade)下,中国汽车的产量(production)及进出口量(importsandexports),自由贸易对国内消费(domesticconsumption)及厂商的福利影响(thewelfareofmanufacturers)
(2)中国对汽车征收(levied)每辆3000美元的进口税(importduties),国内汽车的产量及贸易量;
与自由贸易相比,消费者(consumers)和厂商的福利变化。
①Beforethefreetrade,wecanfindthat
2000-0.02P=1200+0.03P,P=16000,D=S=1680
WiththefreetradeatthepriceofP=1000
S=1200+0.03*10000=1500,D=2000-002*10000=1800
SotheproductionofChinais:
1500
theimportofChinais:
1800-1500=300
thefreetraderesultsinanincreaseinCSofareaACDEandareductioninPSofareaACEB.
②WhenChinaleviedper$3,000oncarimportduties
P=13000,D=2000-0.02P=1740,S=1200+0.03P=1590,
theimportofChinais:
1740-1590=150
Theincreaseinthepriceofcarfrom1000to13000asaresultofthetariffleadstoareductioninCSofareaACDBandanincreaseofareaAFEB.
2.两国贸易模型
中国:
美国:
Dc=2000—0.02PDuc=1800—0.02P
Sc=1200+0.03PSuc=1400+0.03P
问题:
(1)贸易前双方的均衡价格(equilibriumprice)和产量(output)。
China:
2000-0.02P=1200+0.03P,P=16000,D=S=1680
US:
1800-0.02P=1400+0.03P,P=8000,D=S=1640
(2)自由贸易时,国际市场的价格,各国产量及贸易量,自由贸易对两国福利影响。
②Withthefreetrade
D=2000-0.02P+1800-0.02P=3800-0.04P
S=1200+0.03P+1400+0.03P=2600+0.06P
D=S,3800-0.04P=2600+0.06PtheD=S=3320,P=12000
Withthefreetradeofpriceof12000
S=1200+0.03*12000=1560,D=2000-0.02*12000=1760
S=1400+0.03*12000=1760,D=1800-0.02*12000=1560
1560
1760-1560=200
SotheproductionofUSis:
1760
theexportofUSis:
China’simportprofit:
200*(16000—12000)/2=400000
US’simportprofit:
200*(12000—8000)/2=400000
(3)中国对汽车进口征收3000美元的单位税,各国的价格、产量、贸易量。
WhenChinaleviedper$3,000oncarimportduties
2000-0.02P+1800-0.02(P+3000)=1200+0.03P+1400+0.03(P+3000),
P=10500(thenewworldprice)
China:
Pc=10500+3000=13500Sc=1605,D=1730
US:
Puc=10500Suc=1715,D=1590
关税对中国汽车制造商、国内消费者和中国政府的福利影响。
Producerbenefits:
(1560+1605)*(13500—12000)/2=2373750
Consumerloss:
(1730+1760)*(13500—12000)/2=2617500
Governmentrevenue:
3000*125=375000
关税的福利净损失(与自由贸易时相比)
netwelfareoftariff:
2373750+375000—2617500=131250
4.设中国对小汽车的关税税率(tariffrate)为180%,国内一典型的汽车制造商的成本结构和部件关税如下:
成本项目钢板发动机轮胎
占汽车价格比重20%30%10%
关税税率60%120%30%
请计算对中国小汽车行业的有效保护率(ERP)。
如果钢板、发动机、轮胎的关税分别降为10%、30%、5%,计算小汽车的有效保护率。
ERP=[1.8-(0.2*0.6+0.3*1.2+0.1*0.3)]/[1-(0.2+0.3+0.1)]=322.5%
ERP=[1.8-(0.2*0.1+0.3*0.3+0.1*0.05)]/[1-(0.2+0.3+0.1)]=421.25%
四、简答
1.Describingthechangesofthefactorintensityduringtheproductcycle.P93-P95
描述产品周期过程中要素密集度的改变(科学知识密集-资本密集-劳动力密集)
Productcycletheorysuggeststhatthetechnologicaldevelopmentofanewproductgenerallyhasthreestages:
newproductphase,growthphase,standardizationphase.
Inthefirststage,thenewproductisactuallyaknowledge-intensiveproduct.Inthesecondstage,changesintoacapital-intensiveproduct.Thethirdstage,changesintoalabor-intensiveproduct.
2.WhataresomepossibleexplanationsoftheParadox?
P69-P71
对里昂惕夫之谜的各种解释
①DuetothehighefficiencyofAmericanworkers由于美国工人效率高所致
②DuetotherichhumancapitalofU.S.由于美国人力资本丰富所致
③DuetothenaturalresourcesofU.S.由于美国自然资源所致
④DuetotheFactorintensityreversal由于生产要素密集型逆转所致
⑤DuetothetradepoliciesofU.S.由于美国贸易政策所致
⑥Duetothedemandreversal由于需求逆转所致
3.Whatdynamicbenefitsarethenationsformingacustomsunionlikelytoreceive?
P202关税联盟对成员国的动态效应
①Theincreasedcompetitionthatislikelytoresult有利于加强竞争
②Economiesoflarge-scaleproduction可带来规模经济效益
③Stimulustoinvestment有利于激励投资
4.Summarizedthereasonsfortradeprotectionism.贸易保护主义的原因
1Protecttheinfantindustry保护幼稚产业
2Improvethetermsoftrade改善贸易条件
3Strengthennationaldefense为国防和保障国家安全
4Correct“domesticdistortion”纠正国内市场“扭曲”
5Increasegovernmentrevenue增加政府收入
6Shareforeigner’smonopolisticprofits分享国外垄断利润
7Enhancethepowertoretaliateandnegotiate作为报复或谈判手段的观点
5.Theconceptandconditionsnecessaryforimmiserizinggrowth.
贫困化增长的概念和产生条件
Concept:
Thesituationwhereanation’stermsoftradedeterioratesomuchasaresultofgrowththatthenationisworseoffaftergrowththanbefore,evenifgrowthwithouttradetendstoimprovethenation’swelfare.
Thefollowingconditionsarenecessaryinorderforimmiserizinggrowthtooccur:
1thecountry’sgrowthmustbebiasedtowardtheexportsector;
该国生产能力的增长主要集中在出口商品生产部门
2theforeigndemandforthecountry’sexportmustbepriceinelastic;
国际市场对此种商品的需求弹性较低
③Thecountry'
smerchandiseexportsaccountforalargeshareofworldmarkets
该国的商品出口在世界市场上占有较大份额
6.H-Otheory:
causeandconclusion.
Cause:
H-OtheorystartedondoubtingthetradetheoryofAdamSmithandRicardo.Heckschersuggestedthatinadditiontotechnicaldifferences,theremustbeotherfactorsthatdeterminethecountriesinthecomparativeadvantagesofdifferentproducts.
Conclusion:
thedifferencesoffactorendowmentsisthebasicreasonthatcausecountrieshavethecomparativeadvantagesofdifferentproducts.朗读
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五、论述
论述题(2题30分)
1.Theimpactsofdecreasingtariffrate.
①theimpactoftheimportandexport
ThereIsnodoubtthatdecreasingtariffrateswillleadtothegrowthofimports.Thatisbecauseitwillreducetheimportcosts.
②theimpactonthedomesticmarket
Decreasingtariffratewillleadtolowerproductioncostsusingrawmaterialsofimports,andthusmaypromotetheirproductspricedecline.
Anothereffectonthemarketistoalleviatethepressureondomesticinflation.
③theimpactofdomesticenterprises
Enableenterprisestogainforeignadvancedequipment,qualityrawmaterialsandcomponents,sothatthecompetitivepositionofdomesticenterprisesincreased.
Fromvariousindustries,thei
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