英语六级快速阅读Word格式文档下载.docx
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英语六级快速阅读Word格式文档下载.docx
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Air:
theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)saysthreemillionpeoplearekilledworldwidebyoutdoorairpollutionannuallyfromvehiclesandindustrialemissions,and1.6millionindoorsthroughusingsolidfuel.Mostareinpoorcountries.
Water:
diseasescarriedinwaterareresponsiblefor80%ofillnessesanddeathsindevelopingcountries,killingachildeveryeightseconds.Eachyear2.1millionpeoplediefromdiarrhoeal(痢疾的)diseasesassociatedwithpoorwater.
Soil:
contaminatedlandisaprobleminindustrializedcountries,whereformerfactoriesandpowerstationscanleavewastelikeheavymetalsinthesoil.Itcanalsooccurindevelopingcountries,sometimesusedfordumpingpesticides.Agriculturecanpollutelandwithpesticides,nitrate-richfertilizersandslurryfromlivestock.Andwhenthecontaminationreachesriversitdamageslifethere,andcanevencreatedeadzonesoffthecoast,asintheGulfofMexico.
ChronicProblem
Chemicalsareafrequentpollutant.WhenwethinkofchemicalcontaminationitisoftenimagesofeventslikeBhopalthatcometomind.Buttheproblemiswidespread.Onestudysays7~20%ofcancersareattributabletopoorairandpollutioninhomesandworkplaces.TheWHO,concernedaboutchemicalsthatpersistandbuildupinthebody,especiallyintheyoung,sayswemay"
beconductingalarge-scaleexperimentwithchildren'
shealth"
.
Someman-madechemicals,endocrine(内分泌)disruptorslikephthalates(酞酸盐)andnonylphenol-abreakdownproductofspermicides(杀精子剂),cosmeticsanddetergents-areblamedforcausingchangesinthegenitalsofsomeanimals.Affectedspeciesincludepolarbears-sonoteventheArcticisimmune.Andthechemicalsclimbthefoodchain,fromfishtomammals,andtous.
About70,000chemicalsareonthemarket,witharound1,500newonesappearingannually.Atleast30,000arethoughtnevertohavebeencomprehensivelytestedfortheirpossibleriskstopeople.
Atfirstglance,theplasticbucketsstackedinthecorneroftheenvironmentalNGOofficelooklikeanyothers.Butthecontainersareanunlikelyweaponinonepoorcommunity'
sfightagainstoilcompanieswhichtheysayareresponsibleforwidespreadill-healthcausedbyyearsofpollution.Thevesselsareusedbyanetworkoflocalvolunteers,knownastheBucketBrigade,togatherairsamplesinneighborhoodsborderingoilrefineries,aspartofacampaigntomonitoranddocumentairpollutionwhichtheybelieveiscomingfromtheplants.
InSouthAfrica,asinmanydevelopingandnewlyindustrializedcountries,legislationonairpollutionhasfailedtokeeppacewithmushroomingindustries.Solocalresidents,likemanyinpoorcommunitiesaroundtheglobe,havefacedtheproblemofinvestigatingtheirclaimthatindustriesontheirdoorstepsaremakingthemsick.
Trade-off
Butthesnagisthatmodernsocietydemandsmanyofthem,andsomeareessentialforsurvival.Sowhileweinvoketheprecautionaryprinciple,whichalwaysrecommendserringonthesideofcaution,wehavetorecognizetherewillbetrade-offstobemade.
ThepesticideDDTdoesgreatdamagetowildlifeandcanaffectthehumannervoussystem,butcanalsobeeffectiveagainstmalaria(疟疾).Wheredoestheprioritylie?
Theindustrializedworldhasnotyetcleanedupthemessitcreated,butitisreapingthebenefitsofthepollutionithascaused.Itcanhardlytellthedevelopingcountriesthattheyhavenorighttofollowsuit.
Anothercomplicationintacklingpollutionisthatitdoesnotrespectpoliticalfrontiers.ThereisaU.N.conventionontrans-boundaryairpollution,butthatcannotcovereveryproblemthatcanarisebetweenneighbors,orbetweenstateswhichdonotshareaborder.Perhapsthebestexampleisclimatechange-thecountriesoftheworldshareoneatmosphere,andwhatonedoescanaffecteveryone.
ForOneandAll.
Oneoftheprinciplesthataresupposedtoapplyhereissimple-thepolluterpays.Sometimesitisobviouswhoistoblameandwhomustpaytheprice,butitisnotalwaysstraightforwardtoworkoutjustwhoisthepolluter,orwhethertherestofuswouldbehappytopaythepriceofstoppingthepollution.
Onewayofcleaningupafterourselveswouldbetothrowlessaway,designingproductstoberecycledorevenjusttolastlonger.
Previousgenerationsworkedontheassumptionthatdiscardingourwastewasaproperwaytogetridofit,soweusedtodumpnuclearmaterialsandotherpotentialhazardsatsea,confidenttheywouldbedispersedinthedepths.
Wenowthinkthatistooriskybecause,asoneauthorwrote,"
there'
snosuchplaceas'
away'
andthere'
snosuchpersonasthe'
other'
."
IrritatingAir
Despiterecentimprovements,however,thehealthproblemsarestillthere.A2002medicalstudy,carriedoutbyDurban'
sNelsonMandelaSchoolofMedicineandaU.S.university,foundthatanabnormallyhigh52%ofstudentsandteachersataprimaryschoolborderingtheEngenplantsufferedfromasthma(哮喘).Itfoundthatincreasesinairpollutiontendedtoaggravateasthmasymptomsinchildren.
Thepetrolproducersdonotdisputethefindingsbutarguethatresearcherswereunabletoestablishacausallinkbetweenairpollutionandthehighprevalenceofasthmaamongtheschoolpopulation.
Forthecommunity,thenextstepistotakelegalaction.But,accordingtointernationallyrecognizedenvironmentalistBobbyPeek,targetingthecompanieswouldbedifficultasitwouldbenear-impossibletoprovethatillnessessufferedwerecausedbypollutioncomingfromaparticularplant.
Mr.Peek,whogrewupbeneathEngen'
sstacks,saystheactivistsarenowconsideringtakingactionagainsttheauthorities."
Wearenowlookingatsuingthegovernmentonconstitutionalgrounds,forfailingtoensureourrighttoprotectionfromaharmfulenvironmentasstipulatedintheconstitution,"
hesaid.
LegislativeChange
Anewbatch(批)ofenvironmentallaws,theNationalAirQualityManagementAct,hasjustbeenpassedbytheSouthAfricanparliamenttoreplaceoutdated1965legislationwithtightercontrolsandtoughersanctions.
MartinusvanSchalkwyk,theministerofenvironmentalaffairsandtourism,visitedthesouthDurbanbasinearlierthisyearandsaidthereweremeasuresinplacetoimprovethesituation."
Isharetheangerandfrustrationofthiscommunity.Itislongoverdue,"
hetoldtheSouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporation.
Thelocalauthoritieshavealsoestablisheda"
Multi-PointPlan"
forthearea.Theysayitisapowerfulmodelfortacklingpollutionandpointstoa40%reductioninsulphurdioxideemissionsinrecentyears.
1.AccordingtoWorldHealthOrganization,howmanypeoplearekilledbyoutdoorairpollution?
[A]3million
[B]2.1million
[C]1.6million
[D]3.2million
2.Landcanbepollutedby________fromagriculture.
[A]heavymetals
[B]pesticidesandnitrate-poorfertilizers
[C]slurryfromlivestock
[D]rubbish
3.Whatkindofanimalaffectedbyman-madechemicalsisnotreferredinthepassage?
[A]Polarbears.
[B]Mammals.
[C]People.
[D]Birds.
4.Whatdolocalresidentsclaimfor?
[A]Theyaresickbecauseofyearsofpollution.
[B]Theyaresickbecauseofindustriesontheirdoorsteps.
[C]Theyaresickbecauseofpesticidesfromagriculture.
[D]Theyaresickbecauseofairpollution.
5.ThepesticideDDTcanbeeffectiveagainst________.
[A]malaria
[B]wildlife
[C]animals
[D]humannervoussystem
6.ThereisaU.N.conventionthatcancover________.
[A]problembetweenneighbors
[B]problembetweenstateswhichdonotshareaborder
[C]problemsonairpollution
[D]trans-boundaryairpollution
7.Whatisnotsaidtobeawayofcleaningupafterourselves?
[A]Throwlessaway.
[B]Designrecycledproducts.
[C]Don'
tuseitagain.
[D]Lastlonger.
8.Itfoundthatincreasesinairpollutiontendedto________________________.
9.AccordingtoBobbyPeek,targetingthecompanieswouldbedifficultasitwouldbenear-impossibletoprovethatillnessessufferedwerecausedby________________________.
10.MartinusvanSchalkwyk,theministerofenvironmentalaffairsandtourism,visitedthesouthDurbanbasinearlierthisyearandsaidthereweremeasuresinplaceto________________________.
1.A细节题。
根据题干信息词WorldHealthOrganization定位到第三段Air:
theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)saysthreemillionpeoplearekilledworldwidebyoutdoorairpollutionannuallyfromvehiclesandindustrialemissions,即:
世界卫生组织公布,全世界每年有3百万人死于室外空气污染,故选A。
2.C细节题。
根据题干信息词Landcanbepolluted定位到第五段第三句话Agriculturecanpollutelandwithpesticides,nitrate-richfertilizersandslurryfromlivestock,即:
来自农业的杀
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