英语高考的实词与虚词Word格式文档下载.docx
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英语高考的实词与虚词Word格式文档下载.docx
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按在句子中的作用可分为并列连词和从属连词:
After,although,also,and,anywhere,as,aslongas,assoonas,because,before,both…and…but,considering,either…or…evenif,evenso,eventhough,,everywhere,for,hence,however,if,incase,inorderthat,insteadof,likewise,never,nevertheless,notonly…butalso,nowthat,once,or,otherwise,regardless,since,so,sothat,suchthat,thus,till,until,unless,when,whenever,wherever,whether,where,while…
1.并列连词
①表示平行或对等关系的并列连词:
and,both…and,aswellas,notonly…butalso,neither…nor等
②表示转折关系的并列连词:
but,yet,while等
③表示选择关系的并列连词:
or,either…or等
④表示因果关系的并列连词:
for,so等
2.从属连词:
是引导从句的连词
①引导名词性从句的连词:
that,whether,if
②引导副词性从句的连词:
when,while,as,since,before,after,once,assoonas,until,till,because,nowthat,although,though,evenif,eventhough,nomatterhow,nomatterwhat,whatever,however,whether…or,if,unless,solongas,aslongas,inorderthat,sothat,so…that,asif,asthough,than,where,wherever等
四、代词(pron.):
主要用来代替名词。
all,another,any,anybody,anyone,anything,each,either,every,everybody,everything,he,her,himself,themselves,itself,I,it,me,mine,yours,neither,nobody,none,nothing,other,others,so,some,something,someone,that,these,they,this,those,us,what,whatever,when,whenever,who,whoever,whose,…
五、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
oh,well,hi,hello
一篇文章10个空,一般7个空是有提示词的,相当于用所给词的正确形式填空;
另外3个是没有提示词的,需要我们填入连词,代词,介词,冠词等虚词。
1).
名词前面一般用冠词,代词或介词等。
①.Ayoungman,whiletravelingthroughadesert,cameacrossaspringofclearwater.________waterwassweet.
②.Besides,shoppingatthistimeoftheyearwasnot________pleasantexperience.
③.Theyoungmanwenthome________ahappyheart.
④.MoYanwontheNobelPrizefor________greatworks.
⑤._______timegoingby,theboyhasgrownintoastrongman.
⑥.Thegirldanced______themusicofPaulMallrat’sband.
(2).缺主语或宾语,一般填代词。
①.Herearetwobags.Theblue________ismine.
②.Suddenlythewallmoved——________wasmadeoftrees.
③.Newtechnologieshavemade_________possibletoturnoutnewproductsfaster.
④._________isimportantforourstudentstoexerciseonehoureveryday.
(3).
并列的两个或多个单词,短语,或句子之间设空,一般填入并列连词and,but,or等。
①.Eachwinnerreceivesagoldmedal,adiploma________asumofmoney.
②.Hewasverytiredfromdoingthisforawholeday,________hefeltveryhappy.
③.Whichdoyouprefer,folkmusic________popmusic?
(4).
两句之间,如果不是并列句,则很可能是主从句,因此需要填入从属连词(what,which,who,how,when等)。
比如宾语从句,定语从句或者是状语从句的连接词。
这种空格需要同学们根据句子结构,分析到底是什么从句,从而选择合适的从属连词。
①.Finallyhereachedalonelyisland________wascompletelycutofffromtheoutsideworld.
②.________hardyourtry,itisdifficulttoloseweight.
③.Ifyouhappentogetlostinthewild,you’dbetterstay________youare.
④.________wehaveenoughevidence,wecannotwinthecase.
⑤.Somechildrenwanttochallengethemselvesbylearningalanguagedifferentfrom______theirparentsspeakathome.
⑥.Atthesametime,therehadbeenagrowingnumberofoverseasstudents________camebacktoChinaafterstudy.
⑦.Myfaceturnedredonhearing________mymothersaid.
._______shecouldn’tunderstandwas_______fewerandfewerstudentsshowedinterestinherlessons.
.Itwastheabilitytodothejob____mattersnotwhereyoucomefromorwhatyouare.
.Nosoonerhadshegoneout___________astudentcametovisither.
实词是指有实在意义,能独立承担句子成分的词,包括名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词和数词。
而且还有一个重要的特点,那就是,实词有词形的变化,尤其是动词,可谓变化多端:
1、名词(n.):
表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.
2、形容词(adj..):
表示人或事物的性质或特征。
good,right,white,orange.
3、数词(num.):
表示数目或事物的顺序。
one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.
4、动词(v.):
表示动作或状态。
am,is,are,have,see.
5、副词(adv.):
修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。
well,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.
构词法WordFormation
在英语中词的构成方式主要有三种:
合成、转化和派生。
一、合成Compounding两个或更多的词合成一个词。
方式:
1.直接写在一起。
2.用连字符(-)连接。
3.由两个分开的词构成。
(1)合成形容词
方式
例词
1形容词+形容词
red-hot
2形容词+名词
first-class,full-time,part-time
3形容词+现在分词
good-looking,free-thinking,
4形容词+过去分词
ready-made
5形容词+名词-ed
good-tempered,middle-aged,cold-blooded
6名词+名词-ed
iron-willed
7名词+形容词
world-famous,day-long
8名词+现在分词
beauty-loving,freedom-loving,job-hunting,
9名词+过去分词
man-made,water-covered,
10副词+形容词
ever-green
11副词+现在分词
hard-working,far-seeing
12副词+过去分词
well-prepared,quickly-cured,well-known
13数词+名词
five-year
14数词+名词+形容词
five-year-old
15数词+名词-ed
four-legged,six-storied
(2)合成动词
构成方式
1名词+动词
day-dream
2副词+动词
overcome,upturn翻起
3形容词+动词
white-wash
(3)合成名词
1名词+名词
horseback,bank-note,newspaper,cellphone,
back-yard,forehead,
3动名词+名词
hidingplace,reading-room
4动词+副词
get-off,breakin,
5副词+动词
output,overflow
(4)合成副词however,maybe,wherever,whenever,forever
(5)合成代词whoever,,whatever,everyone,nobody,myself,something,anything,
二、派生Derivation
前缀
含义
a-
处在……
arise,aside,alone
en-
使可能
enrich,enable,enslave
dis-
不,否定
dissatisfy,dishonest,disappear,disorder,disagree
un-
不
做相反动作
unable,unknown,uncommon,uncomfortable,unfair,
unclose,undress,uncover,untie
in-
im-
ir-
il-
不,非
inactive,incapable,inpatient,incorrect
impossible,impersonal,impolite,immature,impractical
irregular,irresponsible
illogical,
non-
nonexistent,non-interference,non-conductor,non-stop
de-
向相反方向发展
Decentralize(分散),defrost(解冻)
anti-
反(对)
anti-freeze,anti-fascist
mis-
错误的,坏的
misdoings,misunderstand,misfortune
re
重复,再
rewrite,remarry,reunite,recycle,
co-
共同
co-exist,co-operate,co-education
ex
以前的
Ex-husband,ex-president
tele
远程
telephone,telegraph,telescope
super-
在上面,超级
supermarket,superpower,
under-
在……之下
underline,underestimate,underground,
inter-
相互,之间
international,interact,inter-change
sub-
下,次
subtitle,submarine,subconscious,subcontinent,
trans-
过,穿过,变
transformation(变形),translate
vice-
副
vice-premier,vice-president
semi-
半
semifinal,semicircle,semi-automatic
bi
两个
bicycle,biennial两年一次的
tri
三个
triangle三角形,tricycle三轮脚踏车,triplets三胞胎
mul-
多,多种
multiply,multi-national,multi-coloured
kilo-
千
kilometre,kilogram
后缀
后缀
例词
名
词
-er
farmer,weaver,pain-killer,murderer,,villager,stranger,speaker,cooker,recorder,heater
-ess
actress,waitress,princess,hostess
-or
conductor,sailor,transistor,operator,
-ar
beggar
-ese
Chinese,Portuguese,Japanese
-ian
musician,Egyptian,physician
-ist
scientist,dentist,communist,socialist,
-ent/-ant
assistant
-ment
argument,judgment,government
-ness
happiness,greatness,illness,coldness,sleeplessness
-tion
dictation,preparation,repetition,action,information,invention
-ing
building,wedding,painting
-ship
leadership,friendship,hardship
-age
shortage,marriage,leakage
-ty
loyalty,cruelty,penalty,sixty,twenty,thirty,certainty
-th
truth,warmth,length,growth,fifteenth,fourth
-ance
acceptance,assistance,reliance,appearance
-ence
dependence,confidence,reference,entrance,defence
-ful
mouthful,handful,plateful,
-al
refusal,denial,arrival
-y
difficulty,possibility,
-dom
freedom,wisdom,kingdom
-ism
socialism,materialism
注意:
-ese,-ian,-ist既可以构成名词,又可以构成形容词。
-er构成的名词,既有表示人的,又有表示物的。
后缀
形
容
central,industrial,national,natural
-an
European,American,Australian
-ern
eastern,northern,southern
-able
reasonable,horrible,terrible,believable,comfortable,forgettable,sensible
careful,cheerful,grateful,faithful,
-ish
childish,Swedish,selfish
-ive
destructive,collective,active,creative,effective
thirsty,dirty,windy,sunny,cloudy,healthy,funny
-less
careless,hopeless,helpless,homeless,sleepless,fearless,limitless
-en
golden,wooden,woolen
-ous
courageous,famous,continuous,serious,various
-ary
imaginary,revolutionary,secondary
-ic
realistic,historic,poetic
-some
troublesome,burdensome,lonesome,handsome
-like
childlike,womanlike,manlike
-ant
ignorant,significant,observant,important
-ent
diligent,silent,excellent,frequent
-ly
lively,friendly,lovely,weekly,brotherly,motherly
childish,foolish
动
-ize
realize,modernize,mechanize,criticize,
widen,strengthen,lengthen,sharpen,widen,shorten,quicken,deepen
-fy
Simplify,beautify,terrify,
-ward(s)
forward,northward,backward,downward,afterwards
slowly,quickly,carefully,loudly,happily,friendly
三、转化Conversion:
指一个词不变化词形,而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。
1.名词和动词之间的转化
telephone电话——打电话,mirror镜子——像镜子一样反映,drink喝——饮料,record录音——记录,name,date,hand,study,
2.形容词转化为动词perfect完美的——使完善
3.名词转化为形容词(副词)front前面——前面的
4.形容词转化为名词chief主要的——首领
-al
arrive—(n.)__________chemistry—(adj.)__________
memory—(n.)__________—(v.)__________music—(adj.)__________—(n.)__________
survive—(n.)___
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