语言学概论杨忠Word文件下载.docx
- 文档编号:18165977
- 上传时间:2022-12-13
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:7
- 大小:20.73KB
语言学概论杨忠Word文件下载.docx
《语言学概论杨忠Word文件下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语言学概论杨忠Word文件下载.docx(7页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
2.Whatarethecomponentsofmetaphor?
Therearetwopositionsonthefunctionofmetaphors:
a)theclassicalviewseesmetaphorarhetoricaldevice;
b)anotherviewholdsmetaphoracognitivedevice.Metaphors一spossiblepreciselybecausetherearemetaphorsinaperson’sconceptualsystems.Allmetaphorsarecomposedoftwodomains:
targetdomain(alsotenor)andsourcedomain(vehicle).
3.Howdoestransformationalgrammaraccountforsentence-relatedness?
1)AccordingtoChomsky,agrammarasthetacitsharedknowledgeofallspeakersisasystemoffiniterulesbywhichaninfinitenumberofsentencescanbegenerated.Heattemptstoaccountforthisaspectofsyntaxbypostulatingthatdeepstructuresandsurfacestructures.
2)Deepstructuresarethebasicstructuresgeneratedbyphrasestructurerules.
3)Surfacestructuresarederivedstructures,thestructuresofsentencesthatweactuallyspeak.Surfacestructuresarederivedfromdeepstructuresthroughtransformationalruleswhichincludereplacement,insertion,deletionandcoping,etc.
4.Onwhatbasisdolinguistsregardhumanlanguageasspecies-specific(uniquetohumans)?
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Manyphilosophersandlinguistsbelievethatlanguageisuniquetoman.Languageisahumantraitthatsetsusapartfromotherlivingcreatures.Theyspelloutanumberoffeaturesoflanguagewhicharenotfoundinanimalcommunicationsystems.Thesefeatures:
creativity,duality,arbitrariness,displacement,culturaltransmission,interchangeabilityandreflexivity.Theseareuniversalfeaturespossessedbyallhumanlanguages.Althoughsomeanimalcommunicationsystemspossess,toaverylimiteddegree,oneoranotherofthesefeaturesexceptcreativityandduality,noneisfoundtohaveallthefeatures.Onthisbasislinguiststendtoconcludethathumanlanguagesarequalitativelydifferentformanimalcommunicationsystems.
5.Whatpartofsyntaxcanphrasestructurerulesaccountforandwhattheycannot?
Phrasestructurerulesarerulesthatspecifytheconstituentsofsyntacticcategories.Theserulesarepartofspeakers’syntacticknowledge,whichgoverntheconstructionofsentences.
Therearealotofpartofsyntacticknowledge,includingstructuralambiguity(whichstringsofwordshavemorethanonemeaning),wordsorder(differentarrangementsofthesamewordshavedifferentmeanings),grammaticalrelations(whatelementrelatestowhatotherelementdirectlyorindirectly),recursion(therepeateduseofthesamerulestocreateinfinitesentences),sentencerelatedness(sentencesmaybestructurallyvariantbutsemanticallyrelated),andsyntacticcategories(aclassofwordsorphrasesthatcansubstituteforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticality)etc.Phrasestructurerulescanaccountforstructuralambiguity,wordorder,grammaticalrelations,recursion,andsyntacticcategories;
buttheycannotaccountforsentencerelatedness.
6.HowdosociolinguistsclassifythevarietiesofEnglish?
Thetermvarietyisthelabelgiventotheformofalanguageusedbyanygroupofspeakersorusedinaparticularfield.Avarietyischaracterizedbythebasiclexicon,phonology,syntaxsharedbymembersofthegroup.Varietiesofalanguageareoffourtypes:
thestandardvariety,regionaldialects,sociolectsandregisters.
Aregionaldialectisavarietyofalanguagespokenbypeoplelivinginanarea.TheEnglishlanguagehasmanyregionaldialects.BritishEnglish,AmericanEnglish,AustralianEnglish.IndianEnglish,SouthAfricanEnglish,etc.areallregionalvarietiesofthelanguage.Onedialectisdistinctivefromanotherphonologically,lexicallyandgrammatically.
7.Whatarethefunctionsofsupra-segmentalfeatures?
Thephoneticfeatures,distinctiveornon-distinctive,thatwehavediscussedsofarmaybepropertiesofsinglesegments.Inthissectionwewilllookatfeaturesthatarefoundoverasegmentorsequenceoftwoormoresegments,whicharecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Thesefeaturesarealsodistinctivefeatures.Theyarefoundinsuchunitsofsyllables,words,phrasesandsentences.Themostwidelyfoundsuprasegmentalfeaturesarestress,intonationandtone.
Stressisdefinedastheperceivedprominence(comparativeloudness)ofoneormoresyllableelementsoverothersinaword.Thisdefinitionimpliesthatstressisarelativenotion.Intonation:
whenwespeak,wechangethepitchofourvoicetoexpressideas.Thesamesentenceutteredwithdifferentintonationmayexpressdifferentattitudeofthespeaker.InEnglish,therearethreebasicintonationpatterns:
fall,riseandfall-rise.Toneisthevariationofpitchatthewordleveltodistinguishwords.Thesamesequenceofsegmentscanbedifferentwordsifutteredwithdifferenttones.Englishisnotatonelanguage.Chineseisatypicaltonelanguage.
Intonationandstressgenerallyoccursimultaneouslyinutterance.Whenintonationcontourfallsonasyllable,thenucleusisstressedandthevowelisnaturallylengthenedabit.Inthemeantime,thereisalittlepauseafterthesyllable.Thissimultaneousfunctioningofthefeaturesservestohighlighttheinformationfocus,ortoeliminateambiguity(doubleinterpretationsofthesamephraseorsentence).
8.Whatareaspectsofsyntacticknowledge?
Syntacticknowledgeistheknowingofwhichstringsofwordsaregrammaticalandwhicharenot.Inaddition,itincludes:
1)structuralambiguity2)wordorder3)grammaticalrelations4)recursion5)sentencerelatedness6)syntacticcategories.
9.Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofcomponentialanalysis?
1st,itisabreakthroughintheformalrepresentationofmeaning.Onceformallyrepresented,meaningcomponentscanbeseen.2nd,itrevealstheimprecisenessoftheterminologyinthetraditionalapproachtomeaninganalysis.Lookingatthesemanticformulaofmanandwomanagainyoucanseethatitisnottruethatthetotalmeaningofonewordcontrastswiththatoftheother.Itismerelyinonesemanticfeaturethatthetwowordscontrast.Whenwelookatthesemanticformulaeofmanandfather,wefindthatallthesemanticfeaturesofmanareincludedinthesemanticformulaoffather.Thenwereachadifferentconclusionfromcommonsenseinregardtotherelationbetweenmanandfather.Isthiscontradictory?
TheanswerisNo.Theobviousfactthatmanincludesfatherisderivedfromtheperspectiveofreference.Componentialanalysisexaminesthecomponentsofsense.Themoresemanticfeaturesawordhas,thenarroweritsreferenceitis.
Thelimitationsofcomponentialanalysisarealsoapparent.Itcannotbeappliedtotheanalysisofalllexicon,merelytowordswithinthesamesemanticfield.Itiscontroversialwhethersemanticfeaturesareuniversalprimesofwordmeaningsinalllanguage.Nevertheless,CAissofaramostinfluentialapproachinthestructuralanalysisoflexicalmeaning.
11.Whyislinguisticsavastfieldofstudy?
Linguisticsisabroadfieldofstudy,becauselanguageisacomplicatedentitywithmanylayersandfacets.Thereareanumberofdivisionsoflinguistics,whichcanbeputintotwocategories.1)Intra-disciplinarydivisions:
thestudyoflanguageingeneralisoftentermedgenerallinguistics.Itisbasedontheviewthatlanguageasasystemiscomposedofthreeaspects:
sound,structureandmeaning.2)Inter-disciplinarydivisions.a)Sociologydealswithlanguageandculture.b)Psycholinguisticsdealswiththerelationbetweenlanguageandmindc)appliedlinguisticsisconcernedwiththeapplicationoflinguistictheoriesanddescriptionsinotherfields.Allabovethreebelongtosociolinguistics.
12.Howislinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?
1)Traditionalgrammarisprescriptiveandmodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.
2)TraditionalgrammaticalcategoriesaremerelybasedonEuropeanlanguagebutlinguisticstudiesalllanguages.
3)Traditionalgrammarlacksatheoreticalframework,whilemodernlinguisticsistheoreticallyratherthanpedagogicallyoriented.
13.Howarespeechsoundsdescribed?
Thestudyofspeechsoundsisphoneticswhichincludes3parts:
1)articulatoryphonetics2)acousticphonetics3)auditoryphonetics.Articulatoryphoneticsistheprimaryconcerninlinguistics,inwhichspeechsoundisdescribedwithin3sides:
Thedescriptionofconsonants:
a)placeofarticulationb)mannersofarticulationc)voicingd)aspiration
Thedescriptionofvowels:
a)monophthongsb)diphthongsc)liproundingd)tensity
14.Differencebetweenlinguisticcompetenceandcommunicativecompetence
1)LinguistslikeChomskywhoarenotconcernedwithlanguageuseproposethetermlinguisticcompetencetoaccountforaspeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage.
2)SociolinguistslikeDellHymesproposecommunicativecompetenceasthemostgeneraltermtoaccountforboththetacitknowledgeoflanguageandtheabilitytouseit.AccordingtoHymes,thereare4parametersthatunderlieaspeaker’scommunicativecompetence,namelytheabilitytojudge:
a)whethersthispossible.b)feasiblec)appropriate4)done.
15.Howarewordsdecomposedintotheirconstituents
1)Wordsarecomposedofoneormorethanonemorphemes.
2)Morphemesarethesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.
3)
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 语言学 概论