语用学英语论文Word格式文档下载.docx
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语用学英语论文Word格式文档下载.docx
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.Thecooperativeprincipleisthefoundationofpragmaticinterpretationofhumor,ofwhichthefloutingofmaximsplaysaveryimportantrole.
2.FloutingsofCPMaximsandHumorProduction
Inactualconversation,aparticipantmaydeliberatelyfloutCPmaximsforsomereasonorspecialneed.Asanimportantcategoryofnon-observanceoftheconversationalmaxims,afloutisdistinguishedbydeliberatelytriggeringthehearer'
ssearchforanimplicature.Thespeakeremploysthiswayseeminglyagainstthecooperativeprincipletoreinforcethecommunicativeeffect.Inthiswaythespeakercanmakehisconversationhumorousandthusproducetheeffectofhumor.Infact,floutingoftheCPisoftenseeninChinesesitcoms.Ofcourse,sitcomwritersalsodeliberatelyflouttheprincipleinordertoachievehumorouseffects.
FloutingtheQuantityMaxim
Whenaspeakeroffersmoreorlessinformationthanisrequiredbythesituationwiththeintentionofgeneratinganimplicature,hefloutsthemaximofquantity.Lookatthefollowingexample:
(1)(InEpisode093,LiuXinggoestoInternetcafé
andLiuMeikeepsaskingwhathedidthere.)
Xing:
You'
dbetternotinterferewithmybusinessfromnowon!
(以后我的情形你少管.)
Mei:
Whatdidyousay?
Idon'
tinterferewithyourbusiness?
Whydidn'
tyousayitwhenIbreast-fedyou?
tyousayitwhenyouweresick?
tyousayitwhenyoufelltotheground?
Whydidn'
tyousayitwhenyoucouldn'
twalk?
Youdon'
twantmetointerferewithyounow,becauseyouaregrownupandcandowhateveryouwant?
(你说什么呢?
再说一遍!
我少管?
你小时候喝奶的时候怎么不说?
小时候生病的时候怎么不说呀?
摔跟头时候怎么不说呀?
学会走路时候怎么不说?
这时让我少管。
你翅膀硬了,自个会飞了?
)
Inthisepisode,themotherisveryangryaboutwhatLiuXingdidandsaid;
sheissoangrythatshecan’thelptalkingexcessivelyaboutthematter,whichsoundshumorous.Thisobviouslyviolatesthesecondsub-maximofquantity:
Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.
(2)Let'
stakeanotherepisodeasanexample:
Daddidn'
tgethomeontime,LiuMeiaskXiaoYutocallhiscellphone,aftermadethephonecall
Mei:
Whoansweredthephone?
(谁接的?
Yu:
Awoman.(一个女的。
What?
Whatdidshesay?
(嗯?
说什么?
Shesaid,"
sorry,youdialtelephonetemporarilyunabletogetthrough."
(“对不起,您拨打的临时无法接通……”。
Inthisdialogue,XiaoYuintentionallydidnotsaythatitisthevoicepromptsbutawomantopickupthephone,shedidnotgiveenoughinformationatthebeginning,therefore,sheviolatedthelackingofinformationcriteriainordertocreateatenseatmosphere.
FloutingtheQualityMaxim
Themaximofqualityrequiresthatone'
sverbalcontributiontoaconversationshouldbetheoryalsoclaimsthatyouviolatethequalitymaximwhenyoudeliberatelylieorcommunicateinawaythatdoesnotreflectanhonestfollowingaretwoexamplesdrawnrespectivelyfromHomewithKidsandGrowingPainswhichcanexplainhowfloutingthemaximofqualityproduceshumor:
(1)(InEpisode101ofHomewithKids,thereorganizedfamilyjustlivetogether.XiaYuandhismotherLiuMeihavesuchadialogue.)
Mum,myhandwasbittenbytheinsect.
(妈,我的手被虫子给咬啦.)
Oh,what'
sthematter?
Wasitbittenbymosquito?
Comeon,letmescratchforyou.
(呦,怎么回事儿啊,蚊子给咬的吧!
妈给挠挠啊.可怜了.)
WhydoesthemosquitoonlybitemeinsteadofLiuXing?
Thisisn'
tmyhome?
(什么缘故蚊子只咬我不咬刘星?
是不是这不是我的家啊?
Nonsense!
OfcoursethisisyourareyourdadandyouknowwhythemosquitoesonlybiteyouinsteadofLiuXing?
(别乱说,这确实是你的家啊。
你看爸爸妈妈不都在呢?
你明白什么缘故蚊子只咬你不咬刘星吗?
Why?
BecauseyourbloodissweetwhileLiuXing'
sisstinking.
(因为你的血是甜的,刘星的血是臭的.)
Whenaspeakersayssomethingthatisfalseorforwhichhelacksadequateevidence,hefloutsthemaximofquality.Inthisconversation,itisobviousthatthemothertellsalietoXiaoYu.Asamotherandanadult,sheknowsthereasonwell.InordertohoaxXiaoYuandmakehimfeelgood,shedeliberatelysayssomethingwhichisobviouslyfalse.Inthisway,LiuMeidoesn'
tobservethefirstsub-maximofquality:
Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Butitisjustherdeliberatefloutingofthemaximthatmakesherson(XiaoYu)feelbetterandatthesametimegeneratesahumorouseffect.
FloutingtheMannerMaxim
"
Avoidingobscurity"
meanswhatyousaymustbeeasilyorclearlyunderstood."
Avoidingambiguity"
meansthereshouldbenoexistenceofmorethanonemeaninginwhatyousay."
Beingbrief"
and"
beingorderly"
meanwhatyousayshouldbeconciseandwellarranged.Themaximofmannerisfloutedbyspeakingredundantly,disorderlyorunclearly.Onthisoccasionthespeakerseemsveryuncooperative,butactuallyheintendstoproduceanimplicaturetobededucedbythehearer.Inverbalcommunication,peopleoftenmisunderstandtheambiguousexpressions,thusresultinginahumorouseffect.ThefollowingdialoguebetweenLiuMeiandhersonLiuXingisacaseinpoint.
Whydoesn'
tthegorillaevolve?
(猩猩为什麽不进化啊?
Givemeareasonforitsevolution.(给我一个进化的理由。
Mei:
Whydoesn'
tittalk?
(它为什麽不说话啊?
Whatdoyouwantmetosay?
(您让我说什麽呀?
Itliesinitsdefectinlistening.(在于听力的缺点。
Myearsarequitegood.(我耳朵挺好哒!
Goaway.Don'
tbotherme!
(去!
别在这儿拆台。
Aren'
tyoutalkingaboutme?
(您不是说我呢吗?
Iamtalkingaboutthegorilla.(我这儿说大猩猩呢。
Thepronunciationofgorilla(xingxing)inChineselanguageisthesamewithLiuXing'
snickname.LiuMeiistalkingsomethingaboutthegorilla,butLiuXingmisunderstandsthemeaningofxingxing.Obviously,thismisunderstandingcomesfromthetwopossibilitiestointerpretthesoundxingxing("
猩猩"
and"
星星"
).Theambiguoususeoftheword(sound),whichviolatesthemaximofmanner,isthereasonofhumorproductionhere.
FloutingtheRelationMaxim
Themaximofrelationtellsustomakeourcontributionsrelevant.Thedemandforrelevancesimplymeansthatthespeakershouldonlyconveyinformationthatisrelevanttothetopicbeingcommunicated.Ifonepartywantstoavoidthetopicunderdiscussionandstartsanotherseeminglyrelevanttopic,hewillfloutthemaximofrelevance.Andthisseeminglyrelevantansweroftenmakesanotherpartyfeelfunny.Themaximofrelationisfloutedwhenaresponseiscompletelyirrelevanttothesubjectorthegoaloftheatthefollowingexample:
(1)(AfterXiaDonghaicomesbackfromtheparents'
meetingheldinLiuXing'
sschool,hehasadialoguewithLiuMei.)
AreyouOK?
Theremustbehugegapinyourmindnow.Doyouhavethethoughttofindawaytoescape?
(没受刺激吧,就你这种给小雪那种勤学生开过家长会的你确信心理有庞大的落差,想找个地缝转进去…)
DongHai:
Themeetingisquitewell.(开的还算比较圆满。
WhatdidtheteachertellyouaboutLiuXing?
(教师都给刘星告什么状了?
(Thegrandmacoughs,indicatingXiaDonghainottotellthetruth)
Err,Itakesomemedicineforgrandma.(啊,我给姥姥去拿点药去。
Quickly,whatdidtheteachertellyou?
(你快说啊,教师都说刘星什么了?
Well,hesaid…nothing.(他说啊,没什么。
Inthisepisode,aftertheparents'
meeting,fromourbasicunderstandingaboutLiuXingandXiaDonghai'
sfacialexpressions,weknowthatLiuXingmusthavedonesomethingwronginschool.IfXiaDonghaitoldthetruthtoLiuMei,shemustpunishherson.SoXiaD
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