跨文化交际unit答案Word格式.docx
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跨文化交际unit答案Word格式.docx
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Itisverydifficultforpeopletounderstandoneanotheriftheydonotsharethesameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghuman,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedonotshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthat
makeupwhatiscalled―culture‖inthesocialsciences-thehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuesto
whichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoftendiffer,andthedifferencesmayintroducemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.
ReadingI
InterculturalCommunication:
AnIntroduction
Comprehensionquestions
1.Isitstilloftenthecasethat“everyonesquicktoblamethealien”inthecontemporaryworld
Thisisstillpowerfulintoday‘ssocialandpoliticalrhetoric.Forinstance,itisnotuncommonin
today‘ssocietytohearpeoplesaythatmost,ifnotall,ofthesocialandeconomicproblemsare
causedbyminoritiesandimmigrants.
2.Whatsthedifferencebetweentodaysinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast
Today‘sinterculturalencountersarefarmorenumerousandofgreaterimportancethaninany
timeinhistory.
3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday
Newtechnology,intheformoftransportationandcommunicationsystems,hasacceleratedinterculturalcontact;
innovativecommunicationsystemshaveencouragedandfacilitatedculturalinteraction;
globalizationoftheeconomyhasbroughtpeopletogether;
changesinimmigrationpatternshavealsocontributedtointerculturalencounter.
4.Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”
Culturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstoquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowweliveandcommunicatewithinthatworld.Cultureteachesushowtobehaveinourlifefromtheinstantofbirth.Itisomnipresent.
5.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication
Thethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceperceptionandcommunicationareculturalvalues,worldview(religion),andsocialorganizations(familyandstate).
6.Whatdoesonesfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit
Thefamilyteachesthechildwhattheworldlookslikeandhisorherplaceinthatworld.
7.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture
Becauselanguageisnotonlyaformofpreservingculturebutalsoameansofsharingculture.Languageisanorganized,generallyagreed-upon,learnedsymbolsystemthatisusedtorepresenttheexperienceswithinaculturalcommunity.
8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto
Peoplecanattachmeaningtononverbalbehaviorssuchasgestures,postures,facialexpressions,eyecontactandgaze,touch,etc.
9.Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist
Afree,culturallydiversesocietycanexistonlyifdiversityispermittedtoflourishwithoutprejudiceanddiscrimination,bothofwhichharmallmembersofthesociety.
DiscoveringProblems:
SlimIsBeautiful
Questionsfordiscussion
Whichdoyouthinkisthemarkofbeauty,thinorfatWhyisitoftensaidthatbeautyisintheeyeofbeholder
OnesociologistoncesaidthatwiththegreaterinfluenceofAmericancultureacrosstheworld,thestandardofabeautyisbecomingmoreandmoreHollywood-like,characterizedbyachiseledchinandatall,slimfigure.OnecanseesuchbeautifulimagesinalmostanyAmericanmovie.WeChinesealsosharethenotionthatthestandardideaofbeautyincludesbeingtall,thin,andlightskinned.Itseemsthatwiththeprocessofglobalization,easternandwesternbeautieslookmoreandmorealike.
Butwehavetorememberthatthedefinitionofbeautydiffersfromculturetoculture.Forexample,Hispanicstandardsoffemalebeautyaretohavebighips,amoderatetan,andashortheight.Asisdescribedinthearticle,insoutheasternNigeria,Coca-Cola-bottlevoluptuousnessiscelebratedandamplebacksidesandbosomsareconsideredidealsoffemalebeauty.
What‘smore,theidealstandardofbeautyvariesfromtimetotime.Forinstance,duringtimes
offamine,theidealstandardofbeautyforwomenisamuchlargerbodysize.Largersizeandmorebodyfatmayreflectone‘sstatus;
foritsuggeststhatthepersoniswellfedandhealthy.Thinnessthenwouldreflectmalnutrition.However,duringtimesofplenty,plumpnessisnotareflectionof
status.Peoplemayeasilyassociatefatnesswithhypertension,heartdiseaseorotherpotentialdiseases.Likewise,duringerasinwhichlower-classlaborshadtotoilpredominantlyoutsideforhoursaday,tannedskinwasanindicationoflowerstatus,andthereforetheidealstandardoffemalebeautywasverypaleskin;
womenduringthosetimesactuallyusedalotofwhitepowderedcosmeticstoexaggeratethepalenessoftheirskin.Now,however,tanisareflectionofhavingmoreleisuretimespentonseashoresinsteadofworkinginanofficeallthetime,andthereforeitmaysuggesthigherstatus,sowomenstrivefordarkerskintones.
Itistruethatbeautyisintheeyeofthebeholderbecausepeopleofdifferentculturesandindifferentsituationsmayhavedifferentideasaboutwhatisbeautifulandwhatisnot.
GroupWork
Firstsharewithyourgroupmemberwhateverexperiencesyouhavehadincommunicationeventsthatcanbeconsideredasintercultural.Thenworktogethertodecidewhethereachofthefollowingcasesofcommunicationispossiblyinterculturalornotand,ifitis,towhatextentitisintercultural.Trytoplaceallthecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalness,fromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural.
Allthecasesmayseemtobeinterculturalbuttheydifferintheextenttowhichtheyareintercultural.Howeveritmaybeverydifficultforustoplaceallthesecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalnessfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural,formanyotherfactorshavetobetakenintoconsiderationifwehavetodecidewhichismoreinterculturalthananother.Forinstance,whethercommunicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretaryisinterculturalornotand,ifitis,howinterculturalitmaybe,maydependontheculturalandsocialbackgroundsofthetwopersons.Iftheyarefromdrasticallydifferentcultures,communicationbetweenthemissurelyinterculturalandmaybeveryintercultural.Iftheyarefromthesameculture,communicationbetweenthemmaybelittleintercultural.
Thefollowingistentativelysuggestedformeasuringtheinterculturalnessofthecasesofcommunication,andthecasesarepresentedfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural:
CommunicationbetweenaChineseuniversitystudentandanAmericanprofessor;
CommunicationbetweenaCanadiangirlandaSouthAfricanboy;
Communicationbetweenafirst-generationChineseAmericanandthirdgenerationone;
CommunicationbetweenabusinesspersonfromHongKongandanartistfromXian;
CommunicationbetweenateenagerfromBeijingandateenagerfromTibet;
Communicationbetweenafatherwhoisafarmerallhislifeandhissonwhoworksasanengineer;
Communicationbetweenasoftwaretechnicianandafisherman;
Communicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretary(supposingtheyareofthesimilarculturalandsocialbackgrounds).
Debate
Theclassistobedividedintotwogroupsanddebateonthetwodifferentviewsmentionedinthefollowingoninterculturalcommunication.Stateyourpointofviewclearlyandsupportyourargumentwithconvincingandsubstantiveevidence.
Pro:
Peoplearepeople;
moreinteractionswouldleadtogreaterunderstandingofeachother.
(Commonalityprecedes)
Con:
Peopleareshapedbydifferentenvironmentstheyfindthemselvesin,therefore,thedifferenceoverrides.(Differencesprecedes)
PossibleArgumentsforPro:
1.Humanbeingstendtodrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature.Weallsharethecommonbasicneeds.
2.Rapidexpansionofworldwidetransportationandcommunicationnetworkshavemadeitfareasierthaneverbeforeforpeoplethroughouttheworldtocontactwithoneanother.
3.Theprocessofglobalizationmayreducetheregionaldifferencesbetweenpeopleallovertheworld.Weareallmembersofthe―globalvillage‖.
4.Economicinterdependenceintoday‘sworldrequirespeopleofdifferentcountriestointeracton
anunprecedentedscale,andmoreinteractionwillresultinmoresimilarityamongpeople.
5.Moreandmorepeoplefromvariouscultureshavetoworkandlivetogetherandtheywilladapttoeachothertosuchanextentthatculturaldifferencesbetweenthemmaynolongermatter.
PossibleArgumentsforCon:
1.Peoplethroughouttheworldmaybesimilarinmanyaspects,butdifferencesinhabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.
2.Thoughthebasichumanneedsareuniversallythesame,peopleallovertheworldsatisfytheirbasiccommonhumanneedsindifferentways.
3.Asoursocietyisbecomingmoreandmorediversified,differencesbetweenpeopletendtogrowlargerinsomeaspects.
4.Itisdifferencesbetweenpeoplethatunderliethenecessityofcommunication,anditdoesnotfollowthatcommunicationwhichmayincreasethepossibilityofunderstandingbetweenpeoplewillalwaysreducedifferences.
5.Peoplenowadaysaremorelikelytotrytomaintaintheiruniqueculturalidentitieswhentheyfindthemselveslivingcloselywithpeopleofothercultures.
Fromthetwose
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