语言学期末这份是正确的复习过程Word下载.docx
- 文档编号:18119368
- 上传时间:2022-12-13
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:14
- 大小:27.65KB
语言学期末这份是正确的复习过程Word下载.docx
《语言学期末这份是正确的复习过程Word下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语言学期末这份是正确的复习过程Word下载.docx(14页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
Parole---theconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker.
3.Synchronicvs.diachronic
Synchronic(linguistics)---languagesarestudiedatatheoreticpointintime:
onedescribesa‘state’oflanguage,disregardingwhateverchangesmightbetakingplace.
Diachronic----languagesarestudiedfrompointofviewoftheirhistoricaldevelopment–forexample,thechangeswhichhavetakenplacebetweenOldandModernEnglishcouldbedescribedinphonological,grammaticalandsemanticterms.
2.语音学(选择题)
3.音位学Phonology
1.音位变体
Allophones----thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.
同一音位在不同环境中表现出来的两个或多个语音上不同的音段.例如,在英语里,音位/t/在tin里是送气的[th],在stand里是不送气的[t],在eighth里是齿化的[t],在cotton里是鼻除阻的[tn],在bottle里是边除阻的[tl],在hit里则表现为声门化的[t].此外,随着说话人口音的不同,可能还会有其他的语音形式.这样一套在说话人话语中的语音形式就是音位/t/的音位变体.把两个音素划归成同一音位的两个音位变体必须满足语音相似性原则,而且它们不能处于对比分布.
[p,ph]aretwodifferentphones音子andarevariantsofthephoneme/p/.Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.
Inthiscasetheallophonesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution互补分布becausetheyneveroccurinthesamecontext:
[p]occursafter[s]while[ph]occursinotherplaces.
/p/®
[p]/
[s]_____
[ph]elsewhere
2.互补分布Complementarydistribution----allophonesofthesamephonemeareincomplementarydistribution.Theydonotdistinguishmeaning.Theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontexts,e.g.
dark[l]&
clear[l],aspirated[p]&
unaspirated[p].
4.形态学
**Morphemes:
Technically,amorphemeisdefinedasaminimalmeaningfulunitinthegrammatical
systemofalanguage.Thecomponentsofawordareknownasmorphemes.Theythemselvescannotbefurtheranalyzed:
chairman:
chair,man
townhall:
town,hall
boys:
boy,-s
checking:
check,-ing
disappointment:
dis-,appoint,-ment
Freemorpheme&
boundmorpheme自由语素和粘着语素
Freemorpheme----isonethatmayconstituteaword(freeform)byitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance,etc.
Boundmorpheme----isonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theycannotstandbythemselves,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,“al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“ed”in“recorded”,etc.
**Derivationalmorpheme&
inflectionalmorpheme派生语素和屈折性语素
Derivationalmorphemes----themorphemeswhichchangethecategory,orgrammaticalclassofwords,e.g.correct---incorrect,edit---co-edit,modern---modernize,length---lengthen,fool---foolish,etc.
Inflectionalmorphemes----themorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon;
theyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory,neveraddanylexicalmeaning,e.g.
a)number:
tablesmatchesfactories
b)person,finitenessandaspect:
talk/talks/talking/talked
c)case:
John/John’s
d)comparison:
tall/taller/tallest
1.构词法wordformation
●Compound:
smartphone,cutting-edge,domainname,cloakroom
衣帽间,state-of-the-art顶尖的,nursinghome,self-control,armchair
●Derivation派生法:
un+conscious→unconscious,
nation+al→national,
national+ize→nationalize
nationalize+ation→nationalization
●Invention(新创词语):
Facebook,Twitter,drones,microblog,e-tailer,smartphone,tsunami
●Blending(混成法):
smoke+fog>
smog
motorist+hotel>
motel
breakfast+lunch>
brunch
modulator+demodulator>
modem
smoking+flirting>
smirting边吸烟边跟异性搭讪
advertisement+editorial>
advertorial
education+entertainment>
edutainment
information+commercial>
infomercial
information+entertainment>
Infortainment新闻娱乐化
in+love+individual>
inlovidual独立爱人
●Abbreviation(缩写词):
advertisement--ad;
helicopter--copter;
influenza--flu
●Acronym(缩写词):
WB---WorldBankCIA---CentralIntelligenceAgencyWTO--
CPI---ConsumerPriceIndex消费者物价指数
UNESCO---联合国教科文组织
NEET---NotinEducation,EmploymentorTraining啃老族
●Clipping(截断法):
Back-clippings:
ad(vertisement),chimp(anzee),
deli(catessen),hippo(potamus),piano(forte),
reg(ulation)s,app(lication)program(应用软件)
Fore-clippings:
(ham)burger,(omni)bus,(violin)cello,(heli)copter,(alli)gator,(tele)phone,(earth)quake.
Fore-and-aftclippings:
(in)flu(enza),(de)tec(tive).
●Back-formation(逆构词法):
gangling→gangleeditor→edit
peddler→peddlehawker→hawk
enthusiasm→enthuselaser→lase
calmative→calmfreeassociation→free-associate
●Analogicalcreation(类推构词):
work:
wrought>
worked;
beseech:
besought>
beseeched;
slay:
slew>
slayed?
●Borrowing(借词):
Borrowfromotherlanguages.
Chinese:
kungfu,tea,tofu,typhoon;
Japanese:
Tsunami
Indian:
bungalow,jungle,yoga
5.句法学
1.画树形图
2.Chomsky提出:
形式主义的转换生成语法TransformationalGenerativeGrammar、UniversalGrammar、
LAD语言习得机制
languageacquisition
3.表层结构和深层结构Deepstructure&
surfacestructure
Considerthefollowingpairofsentences:
Johniseasytoplease.
Johniseagertoplease.
Structurallysimilarsentencesmightbeverydifferentintheirmeanings,fortheyhavequitedifferentdeepstructures.
Consideronemoresentence:
Flyingplanescanbedangerous.
Itcanmeaneitherthat:
ifyouflyplanesyouareengagedinadangerousactivityorPlanesthatareflyingaredangerous.
Deepstructure----formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssub-categorizationproperties;
itcontainsalltheunitsandrelationshipsthatarenecessaryforinterpretingthemeaningofthesentence.
Surfacestructure----correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations;
itisthatofthesentenceasitispronouncedorwritten.
6.语义学Semantics
1.Semanticsistraditionallydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.
Typesofmeaning:
●Grammaticalmeaning
●Lexicalmeaning
1 Conceptualmeaning概念意义
2 Associationmeaning联想意义
a.Connotativemeaning内涵意义
b.Socialmeaning社会意义
c.Affectivemeaning情感意义
d.Reflectedmeaning反射意义
e.Collocatinvemeaning搭配意义
3 Thematicmeaning主位意义
(1)Conceptualmeaning概念意义
Alsocalled‘denotative’(外延的)or‘cognitive’meaning.
Referstological,cognitiveordenotativecontent.
Concernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.
(2)Connotativemeaning(内涵意义)
Thecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasbyvirtueofwhatitrefersto,overandaboveitspurelyconceptualcontent.
(3)Socialmeaning
Whatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse.
(4)Affectivemeaning(情感意义)
Reflectingthepersonalfeelingsofthespeaker,includinghisattitudetothelistener,orhisattitudetosomethingheistalkingabout.
(5)Reflectedmeaning
Arisesincasesofmultipleconceptualmeaning,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.反映意义指的是一个语词或语句除了自身的意义以外还顺带隐射或隐含了其他意义,或联想意义即引起读者联想的意义。
Whenyouhear‘clickthemousetwice’,youthinkofGerrybeinghittwicebyTomsoyoufeelexcited.
Manytabootermsareresultofthis.
(6)Collocativemeaning
Theassociationsawordacquiresonaccountofthemeaningsofwordswhichtendtooccurinitsenvironment.
pretty:
girl,boy,woman,flower,garden,color,village,etc.
handsome:
boy,man,car,vessel,overcoat,airliner,typewriter,etc.
(7)Thematicmeaning
Whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizesthemessage,intermsofordering,focus,andemphasis.
Mrs.BessieSmithdonatedthefirstprize.
ThefirstprizewasdonatedbyMrs.BessieSmith.
Theystoppedattheendofthecorridor.
Attheendofthecorridor,theystopped.
2.Senserelations
Majorsenserelations:
Synonymy同义关系,Antonymy反义关系,Polysemy一词多义关系,Homonymy同音/同形异义关系,Hyponymy上下意义关系
Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.
1)Dialectalsynonyms方言/地域同义词----synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects,e.g.autumn-fall,biscuit-cracker,petrol–gasoline,lift--elevator;
2)Stylisticsynonyms文体/风格同义词----synonymsdifferinginstyle,e.g.kid,child,offspring;
start,begin,commence;
…
3)Synonymsthatdifferinconnotation感情同义词----thesearewordsthatbearthesamemeaningbutexpressdifferentemotionsoftheuser,includingtheattitudeorbiasoftheusertowardwhatheistalkingabout,e.g.Thetwowordscollaboratorandaccomplicesynonymousinthattheysharethemeaningof“apersonwhohelpsanother”,buttheydifferinthatacollaboratorhelpsanotherindoingsthgood,whileanaccomplicehelpsanotherinacriminalact.
Antonymy:
Thetermisusedforoppositenessofmeaning;
wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningareantonyms.
1)Gradableantonyms等级反义关系----thereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair,e.g.old-young,hot-cold,tall-short,…
2)Complementaryantonyms互补反义关系----thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassert
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 语言学 期末 这份是 正确 复习 过程
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)