中国旅游资料中文化.docx
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中国旅游资料中文化.docx
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中国旅游资料中文化
题目:
OntheProblemsandStrategiesinC-ETranslationofCulturalSchemafromtheSchemaTheoryApproach
从图式理论论文化图式的英译问题及对策
0Abstract
Chinesetourismhassprungupalongwiththerapiddevelopmentofcomprehensivenationalstrengthsincethereformandopeningpolicy.China,whichisatime-honoredmysteriouscountrywithalonghistoryoffivethousandyears,hasattractedmoreandmoreforeigntouristforitssplendidviewandrichculture.Therefore,manyChinesetouristpublicitymaterialsaretranslatedintoEnglishtopromoteanexchangeofrichChineseculturewithotherculturesandthedevelopmentofthisindustry.However,manyscenicspotswhichhavealonghistoricalstandingandaretherichculturaldepositsaretotallyunfamiliartoforeigntourists.CulturalSchema,i.e.thebackgroundknowledgeinthetouristpublicitymaterials,oftenputsforwardgreatdifficultyandprobleminthetranslationofChinesetouristpublicitymaterials.FromtheperspectiveofSchemaTheory,thisessaytriestoanalyzetheproblemstranslatorsalwaysencounterintranslatingschemaandtodiscusstherelativestrategiescommonlyusedincopingwithsuchsituation.
Keywords:
Chinesetouristpublicitymaterial;schematheory;culturalschema
摘要
改革开放以来,随着中国综合国力的提升,中国的旅游业迅猛发展。
中国这一具有五千年悠久历史的神秘的东方古国,以其如画的风景,浓厚的文化积淀吸引力越来越多的外国游客。
为了更好地促进中外的文化交流,推动中国旅游业的发展,很多中文的旅游资料被翻译成英文。
但是,许多旅游景点历史悠久,文化底蕴浓厚,它们所承载的许多历史文化,对外国游客来说是完全陌生的。
宣传资料中的文化图式,即文章中内容部分的背景知识,经常给译者带来很大的困扰和很多的问题。
本文将从图式理论的角度出发,分析翻译文化图式时常见的问题并制定相应应对策略。
关键词:
中国旅游宣传资料;图式理论;文化图式
Contents
Abstract2
摘要3
Introduction4
ChapterOnePublicSigns5
1.1DefinitionofPublicSigns5
1.2FunctionalFeaturesofPublicSigns6
1.3ClassificationsofPublicSigns6
1.4CulturalSchema6
ChapterTwoErrorAnalysisofCulturalSchema7
2.1ErrorsofCulturalSchema8
2.2CausesofErrors9
ChapterThreeStrategiesforTranslatingCulturalSchema11
3.1TranslationPrinciplesofSchemaTheory11
3.2Strategies12
Conclusion16
References17
Acknowledgements18
Introduction
EconomicglobalizationprovidesmoreopportunitiesforChinatoconductinternationalculturalexchangeandco-operationwithothercountries.ThefactthatmoreandmoreforeignerscometoChinafortravelmakestranslationofChinesetouristpublicitymaterialsimportantandnecessary.However,thequalityofChinese-English(C-E)translationsoftouristmaterialsisfarfrombeingsatisfactory.ManyculturalelementsarenotadequatelyrenderedintoEnglishandmanyofthemareword-for-wordtranslation,filledwithlinguisticmistakesandChinese-styleEnglishexpressions.
Thisthesisstartsfromthedefinitionofschemaanditscategoriesandculturalschema.ThesecondchapterfocusesonerroranalysisofC-Etranslationofculturalschemainwhichcategoriesoferrorsandcausesoferrorsareincluded.Examplesareshownforanalysis.ThelastchapterintroducesschematheoriesandstrategiestoimproveC-EtranslationofculturalschemainChinesetouristpublicitymaterialsfromthispointofview.Thethesisendswithaconclusion–ChinashouldstriveforimprovingC-EtranslationofculturalschemainChinesetouristpublicitymaterials.
ChapterOneSchemaTheory
1.1DefinitionofSchemaTheory
PlatoelaboratestheGreekdoctrineofidealtypes–suchastheperfectcirclethatexistsinthemindbutwhichnoonehaseverseen.Kantfurtherdevelopedthenotionandintroducedthewordschema.Hedescribedschemaas“theinnerstructuretohelpusunderstandtheworld”[1]252.Forexample,hedescribesthe"dog"schemaamentalpatternwhich"candelineatethefigureofafour-footedanimalinageneralmanner,withoutlimitationtoanysingledeterminatefigureasexperience,oranypossibleimagethatIcanrepresentinconcreto.”(Kant1781).
Sincethattime,manyothertermshavebeenusedaswell,including"frame,""scene,""scenario,""script"andeven"model","theory".PsychologistFredericCharlesBartlettusedtheword“schemata”inhisbookRemembering.Itmeant“activeorganizationofpastactionandexperience”[2]201.Thebasicprincipleofschematheoryisthatanytext,oralorwritten,carriesnomeaningitself.Itislistenersorreaderswhogainindicationfromthetextandthensearchandconstructthemeaningfromtheknowledgetheyhaveattainedinthepast.Theknowledgereadersattainedinthepastiscalledbackgroundknowledge,thestructurereadersattainedinthepastiscalledschemata.Keytheoreticaldevelopmentofschematheorywasmadeinseveralfields,includinglinguistics,anthropology,psychologyandartificialintelligence.Theheydayofschematheorywasprobablyinthe1970s.Sincethattime,manylinguistsandpsychologist,suchasMinsky(1975),Rumelhart(1980),Carrel和Eisterhold(1988),EysenckandKeane(1990)usedschematheorytoanalyzeandexplainthepsychicalprocessoflanguagelearningandreading.Thenmodernschematheorycomesintobeing[3]64.Itcomposesofslotorvariable.
1.2ClassificationsofSchema
Differentscholarclassifyschemaindifferentways.Carrel(1983)assortschemaintotwocategories:
contentschemataandformalschemata.Kramsch(1993)sortschemaintothreecategories:
textschemata,genreschemataandcontentschemata.ThenCook(1994)alsoclassifyschemaintothreecategories:
worldschemata,textschemataand1anguageschemata.
Tomeettheneedofstudy,domesticscholarsalsoclassifytheschema.MingdongLiu(2003)thinksthatduringthetranslationofschema,translatorsshouldcorrectlydecodeandthenencodelanguageschemata,contextschemata,styleschemataandculturalschematainthesourcelanguage.Inthisway,wewillhavethebesttranslation.Inthisthesis,IwillemphasizethesignificantfunctionofthetranslationofculturalschemainChinesetouristpublicitymaterials.
1.3BasicFunctionsofSchema
Sinceschemaarrangesinhierarchicalorder,aprimeschemacomprisesinferiorschemaanduntilthelastbasics.Therefore,wecanderivethefeaturesinferiorschemahasfromthesuperiorschema;inthesameway,iftheinferiorschemaisactivated,thesuperiorschemawillabsolutelybeactivated.Theactivationofschemaisthatreadersorlearnerscouldestimatethepossiblecontentbyreceivingsomecertaininformationwhichcouldhelpuspickuptherelativebackgroundknowledgefromtheschemastructure.Onlyactivatingtherightschemacouldhelpreadersunderstandthebackgroundknowledgefasterandbetter;otherwise,thatwouldbringaboutmisunderstanding.
Inaword,thebasicfunctionsofschemaarelistedasfollows:
(1)Structure.Learningistheprocessofstructuringtheinnermentalrepresentation.Learningisnotonlytomoveknowledgeintoourbrain,buttostructurenewunderstandingbasedontheinteractionwiththeoutsideworldandtheexistingknowledgeandexperience.
(2)Deduction.Peoplecandeducetheconnotativeorunknowninformation,whichareimportanttoattainandunderstandknowledge,throughtheinnerlogicoftheslotsinaschema.(3)Searching.Wecanactivelysearchoutmoreimportantinformationbyusingschematogenerateacleargoalandprediction.(4)Conformity.Peoplecanembodyandintegrateslotsbyputtingnewinformationintheframeofschema.
1.4CulturalSchema
Thecontentschema,alsotheculturalschema,IwilldiscussinthischapterreferstobackgroundknowledgeorinformationinChinesetourismmaterials[4]79.Itisveryimportanttotheunderstandingofthesematerials.Itcomprisesthenotionalinformationandknowledgeofacertaintopic.Forexample,whenreadersreadabout“ChineseNewYear”,theywillspontaneouslyhaveapictureintheirmind:
familyreunion,familyreuniondinner,NewYearpictures,Chinesecouplet,jiaozi,firecracker,etc.Contentschemacanhelpreadersunderstandthematerialsbetterandfasterviapredictionandinformationselection.Contentschemahascloseconnectionwithculture,soitisalsocalledculturalschema.Intheprocessoftranslation,thetranslators’aimistoconveytheinformationintheoriginaltexttothereadersandthentoactivatetherelativeschemainreaders’mindandfinallytohelpreadersunderstandthetextaswellasthewriter.
Itisculturalschemathatisthemostintractableproblemfortranslatorsintheprocessoftranslation.Largeconcentrationsofculturalschemaarecentralizedinthesematerials.Iftranslatorsdonothandlethemcarefully,theywillerectbarriersforreaderstoactivatetherelativeschemaandevencausesomedifficultiestounderstand.
ChapterTwoErrorAnalysisofCulturalSchema
2.1CulturalSchemaDefault
Forthereasonsofgeography,historyandculture,itispossibletofindthatsomewell-knowndefinitioninoneculturecannotbefoundcounterpartinanotherculture.Moreover,readersdonothaveappropriateschemasandtheycannotimmediatelycreateaschematosupplyagap[5]41.Thiscausesculturalschemadefault.Therelativeculturalschemainoriginalwriter’sminddoesnotexistorisnotintegratedintranslationreader’smind.Wecallthissituationculturalschemadefault.
WhileforeigntouristsareenjoyingtheculturalobjectsandhistoricrelicsinChina,theywillinevitablymeetwithnumeroushistoricalnames.ThesenamesaresofamiliartoourChinesepeople,buttotallyunknowntoforeigntourists.Forexample,thissentencehereinafterisexcerptedfromtheintroductionofJigongmemorialinZhejiangprovince:
Example1:
济公劫富济贫,深受穷苦人民爱戴。
[6]。
TheEnglishversionintouristmaterialis“Jigongrobbedtherichandhelpedthepoorandwasdeeplylovedandesteemedbytheimpoverished.”Jigongisalmostwell-knowntoallChinesepeople.TheschemaofJigongrootsinChinesedeeply.WhenChinesepeopleseetheword“济公”,theschemaofjigongwillbeactivated--raggedclothe
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- 关 键 词:
- 中国旅游 资料 文化