农村山区和边远地区的居民消费劳动就业和生产技术的推广应用文档格式.docx

农村山区和边远地区的居民消费劳动就业和生产技术的推广应用文档格式.docx

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Newretaillocationsandformatsandchangingconsumercapabilitiesandbehaviours（including“switching”）haveencouraged“outshopping”fromruraltourbanareas.Ruralareashavebeensufferingfromadeclineintheprovisionofservices,includingretailing.One“solution”hasbeenthestrengtheningofmarkettownsinruralareasbythedevelopmentofnewmajorretailstores.Theeffectsofthisareperhapsnotfullyunderstood,particularlywheretheruralareacomprisesanetworkoftownsratherthanasinglecentre.Threecomparableconsumersurveys（1988,1998,2004）ofshoppingbehaviourintheScottishBordersareanalysed.Consumerplaceandstoreswitchingdataareusedtoexaminetheimpactofnewretailopportunitiesonshoppingpatterns.Twodifferentswitchingstrandsareidentified:

clawbackandredistribution.Redistributionwithintheruralnetworkisanewfinding.

Lifehistoriesincyberspace:

lifewritingasadevelopmenttoolforruralwomen 

Increasingly,informationandcommunicationtechnology（ICT）isbeingusedasadevelopmenttool.Forexample,arecentinnovativeexperimentbytheFIDAMERICAdevelopmentcybernetwork（sponsoredbyIFAD,theInternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopment）inLatinAmericausedanelectronicnetworktocollect,postanddiscussruralwomen'

slifehistories,intendingtosupportgendermainstreaminginIFADprojects.However,cybernetworkingprocessescanalsoreflectcontradictoryagendasandpowerrelationsthatultimatelymakethemasiteofcontestation.IntheFIDAMERICAcase,theauthorsdidnotparticipateintheelectronicconference,norwerethereanysubsequenteffortstoconnectthemortodevelopthisprocessfurther.

Inthispaper,Iarguethattheanalysisofincreasinglycomplexcybernetworkeddevelopmenteffortsmustincorporateacorrespondinglysophisticatedtechniquethatcanuncoverthenuancedrelationsoftransnationalcybercommunication;

andIproposethatanactor-networkapproachshouldbeinvestigatedasananalyticalframeworkinthesecases.Ithenapplythisapproachtothecasestudy,usingfieldresearchconductedwiththeparticipantsoftheFIDAMERICAelectroniclifehistoryprojectinCentralAmerica.Iconcludethatanactor-networkapproachisafruitfulmeansbywhichtheseprocessescanbebothunderstoodandimproved.

GramyaVikas:

Adistributedcollaborationmodelforruraldevelopmentplanning 

InthecontextofruralIndia,planningismainlyprescriptive（throughmandatedschemes）andtop–down（byextensioncommunityfromthelinedepartments）.RealizingtheabovemodeofplanningandtheincreasingdemandforGeographical-Information&

CommunicationTechnology（Geo-ICT）applicationsintheruralsystemsinIndia,aprototypedistributedcollaborationtool,calledGramyaVikas（ruraldevelopment）,hasbeendevelopedtoassisttheruralextensioncommunityintheirowndecision-makingprocessesinamoreinteractive,integratedandcoordinatedmanner.GramyaVikas,evolvedoutoftheneedsassessmentoftheusercommunity,isasecureandcost-effectivesystemdevelopedfordefineduserswithopensource（a）contentmanagementsystemand（b）GeographicalInformationSystems.Thisweb-basedtoolwillhelptheuserstoshareandretrievedata/information;

communicatefortakingmutualdecisions;

makeusefulqueriesonspatialandnonspatialdatabasetoidentifycandidatevillages/entities;

andgeneratevariousviewsorscenariosfordifferentruraldevelopmentschemes.Presently,thisGeo-ICTtoolisbeingdevelopedinanIntranetenvironment.Theresultingsystemisintendedtoassisttheremoteusersinanalyzingrural-informaticsforruraldevelopmentplanningdecisionsonline,withcustomizedGIStoolstosuittherequirementsofafewlinedepartmentsfordecision-making.

Reluctantruralregionalists 

Recently,scholarshavebeguntoexplorequestionsofregionalismandregionalizationinruralcontexts.Regionalismisoftenunderstoodandpresentedasapragmaticsolutiontointractableproblemsoffragmentation,inefficiency,accountability,spilloverandneglectinthefaceofeconomicrestructuringandotherexternalthreats.Theseargumentshavelongbeendeployedinthetop-downrestructuringofruralpublicadministration;

forexample,theamalgamationofservicedistrictstokeepschools,hospitalsandotherfacilitiesopeninthefaceofdecliningpopulation.Atthesametime,regionalizationmaybeunderstoodasa‘means’orprocessofbecomingthroughtheformationofnewandsharedregionalidentities,“structuresofexpectation”andinstitutions.Between1996and2004thenumberofmunicipalitiesintheCanadianProvinceofOntariowasreducedbymorethan40percentfrom815to445.Evidencesuggeststhatmanyoftheseamalgamationswereundertakenreluctantly.Inthispaperweexaminetheissueofregionalismfromtheperspectiveofoneruralmunicipality—theformersilverminingcentreofCobalt,Ontario—thathasresistedamalgamation.Wearguethatitsresistancetoamalgamationisaconsequenceoftheconflictualsocialrelationshipsthathavebeeninscribedintothelandscapeoverthepastcentury.Usingdocumentaryandarchivalmaterials,supplementedbycontemporarysurveyandethnographicdata,wetracehowsuccessivegenerationsofminers,mine-owners,governmentofficials,politiciansandresidentshaveconstructedCobaltasadistinctplace.Weshowthatthisoppositionalidentitybeliestheextenttowhichthetownanditscitizensareembeddedinregionalhousing,labourandconsumermarkets.

Commodificationofruralplaces:

Anarrativeofsocialfields,ruraldevelopment,andfootball 

Oneofthemostsignificantrecentelementsofrestructuringinruralareasisthetransitionfromaneconomybasedonagriculturalproductiontoaneconomybasedonthecountrysideasaformofcommodity.Inthistransitionprocess,differentnarrativesorimagesofanareaareproducedtopromotevillagesandotherplacesinthecountrysideascommodities.Muchoftheliteraturetakesitforgrantedthatoutsiderscontroltheprocessesofbrandingruralareas,butourcasestudydemonstratesthattheproducers（aswellaspotentialconsumers）ofthecountrysideasacommoditycanbeinsiderswithinacommunity.Inthispaper,wedemonstratehowalocalfootballclubcantakealeadingroleintheprocessofcommodificationofruralplacesinthepost-modernera.Footballclubsarepresentedascommoditiestoattractinvestors,sponsors,andexpertisefromprivatebusinesses.Inbothcommodificationofruralplacesandfootball,thechallengeistoconstructnarrativesorimagesthatcorrespondtothepre-existingexpectationsofconsumers,whoevertheymightbe.Ourtheory-informedempiricalanalysesillustratethewayinwhichtheNorwegianfootballclubSogndalFootballhasbeeninstrumentalintherestructuringoftheSogndalcommunity.

Electrificationco-operativesbringnewlighttoruralTanzania 

Onepossibilitytoacceleratetheprogressofruralelectrificationindevelopingcountriescouldbetoformindependentelectrificationco-operativesthatareallowedtogenerateanddistributeelectricpowerandsettheirowntariffs.ThisapproachhasbeensuccessfullytriedinthevillageUrambo,locatedabout80 

kmwestofTaborainTanzania.Theco-operativewasformedin1993andstartedregularoperationin1994with67consumers.Theco-operativereceivedinitialfinancialsupportforrehabilitationofadieselpowerplantandsomeotherinvestments.ThenationalutilityTANESCOhasprovidedtechnicalsupportandtrainingforoperatorsandanaccountant.Despiteatariffmorethan15timeshigherthaninthenearbytownTaborathatisservedbyTANESCO,thenumberofconsumersinUrambohasbeengrowingandreached241inOctober2002.About70%ofthesuppliedelectricityin2002wasusedbyhouseholds,15%inbusinesses,12%ininstitutionsandpublicbuildingsandapproximately3%forstreetlighting.Thereliabilityofthesupplyhasimprovedfrom80%in1994,to97%during2002.Theexperiencesmustbeconsideredasverypromising.Severalmoreelectrificationco-operativeshavebeenformedinTanzaniaandarelookingforfinancingforthenecessaryinitialinvestments.

modelforevaluatingtheeffectivenessofremoteengineeringlaboratoriesandsimulationsineducation 

Economicpressuresonuniversitiesandtheemergenceofnewtechnologieshavespurredthecreationofnewsystemsfordeliveringengineeringlaboratoriesineducation,inparticularsimulationsandremote-accesslaboratorysystems.Advocatesofsimulationarguethatphysicallabsneedlesslyconsumeuniversityspaceandstudents’time.However,proponentsofhands-onlaboratoriesarguethatstudentengineersshouldbeexposedtorealenvironments.Remotelaboratorieshaveappearedasathirdoption.Theselaboratoriesaresimilartosimulationtechniquesinthattheyrequireminimalspaceandtime,becausetheexperimentscanberapidlyconfiguredandrunovertheInternet.Butunlikesimulations,theyproviderealdata.Studyingtherelativeeffectivenessofthesemodesofdeliveringstudentlaboratoriesiscomplex,fortheunderlyingtechnologyofthelaboratoryisjustoneofmanypossiblefactorsthatcouldinfluenceeffectiveness.Forexample,theinterfacetotheequipmentmaybeofimportance,asmightthediscussionsstudentshaveamongthemselves.Thispaperpresentsamodelfortestingtherelativeeffectivenessofengineeringlaboratoriesineducationthattakesaccountoftheseandotherfactors.Theresultsarepresentedforanassessmentstudycomparingversionsofremotelabsversushands-onlabsinajunior-levelmechanicalengineeringcourseonmachinedynamicsandmec